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BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE

Forum Romanum Rome 312-327 The Roman barrel vault reaches its highest expression in the Basilica of Constantine. Begun by Maxentius in 306-310, the building was completed by Constantine in 312-337. Three huge vaults on the north side remain. Each is pierced by six large windows which bring light into the building (though the center bay was closed ...

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BATHS IN THE FORUM

Ostia 2nd century In the baths at Ostia an entire wall is used for windows. The Romans invented an inexpensive way to manufacture glass....

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COLOSSEUM FACADE

Rome 70-82 A detail of the facade. Originally statues stood in the arches on the second and third stories. People entered through the ground floor arches according to where they sat....

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STELE OF ARISTION

by Aristokles c. 510 B.C. National Archaeological Museum, Athens A stele is a gravestone. This example is one of the finest from the archaic period. It is much more of a silhouette, shallow freize. Well defined but lacking the motion to be found in later sculpture....

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Detail, COFFERED CEILING

by Polyclitus the Younger Tholos, Epidaurus c. 360 B.C. Museum, Epidaurus Greek ceilings are typically coffered. Less common is this coffered ceiling from the tholos at Epidaurus which has delicate flowers growing out of the center of each panel....

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KLISMOS

Funerary Stele from the Eridanos cemetary, Hegeso c. 400 B.C. National Archaeological Museum, Athens A klismos of perfect proportions. Undecorated, it is simple, graceful, and elegant. Notice the low footstool....

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FORUM ROMANUM

From the west Rome The forum is the meeting place for Romans, the center of political, religious, business, and social life. Built up over many years on an ancient site, the Forum Romanum is the oldest and most important forum. It is laid out on an axial plan and everything is organized within defined boundaries. At its peak during the days of the...

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ARCADE OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER ANXUR

Terracina c. 80 B.C. The arch is the central revolutionary concept of Roman architecture. With its development the Romans bypass the earlier building concept of verticals and horizontals, support and load. The arch makes possible a new idea of space. It becomes the basis of Roman monumentality. Above these powerful supporting arches is a terrace w...

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WEST PTEROMA

From the southwest corner Parthenon Acropolis, Athens 447-432 B.C. The walk space between the exterior columns on the left and the walled-in columns on the right is called the pteroma....

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TEMPLE OF FORTUNA VIRILIS

On the Tiber Rome 2nd century B.C. While the Greek temple is a sculptural building on all sides, Roman rectangular temples are built to be seen from the front. Normally they sit high on a raised platform, with a long stairway leading up to the portico. The side walls have attached half-columns which are called pseudo-peripteral. Primarily used as ...

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