Archaeology
Petercoins
A British coin enthusiast, collector and dealer, selling low cost British coins by international mail order. Site contains: Beginners guide to coin collecting, a grading guide, numismatic definitions, special offers and much more! Petercoins - Your local coin shop on the Net!New Egypt Historical Society, New Jersey
The Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing the history of Egyptian Society alive for a new generation. Our monthly meetings and quarterly seminars in conjunction with area museums are but the beginning of a wonderful journey into the past! Join us via Internet, bimonthly magazine, meeting attendance or simple write-ins and we will try to share the enthusiam of this so very vital culture.The Romans
HTML Supplement to my BKA 40a program "The Romans" which can be downloaded from ZDnet.comA Fourree Brockage of Hadrian
General Topics [Coin Collecting]The Earliest Photograph of Ancient Coins?
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Brockage or Clashed Dies? Which is which?
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Fourrees - Plated Coins
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Photography of Ancient Coins- How to!
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Scanning Ancient Coins
Using a Flat Bed Scanner. General Topics [Coin Collecting]Die Links: A Tool for the Numismatist
Ancient coins were struck from dies individually cut by artists rather than mass produced from an enlarged master as is the practice with modern coins. Despite all efforts to make dies the same as each other, differences great and small allow each individually cut die to be identified as an individual. General Topics [Coin Collecting]Macedonian Kingdom, Alexander III, The Great, 336-323 B.C.
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Three Gordian III & Tranquillina Coins
Centration Dimples. General Topics [Coin Collecting]Ancient Coin Books
General Topics [Coin Collecting]Questions for the Experts
Anyone visiting this site on a regular basis must know that I do not claim to have all the answers. In fact, every question I answer generally generates at least two new questions to the end result is that I go to bed each day more aware of my ignorance than I had been the day before. General Topics [Coin Collecting]Collecting Roman Coins
General Links [Coin Collecting]The Celator magazine for the collector of Ancient Coins
General Links [Coin Collecting]Ancient Numinastics
FORVM ANTIQVVM: Ancient Numismatics [Coin Collecting]ACM, Ancient Coin Market List
Learn about the affordable hobby of Collecting Ancient Coins. General Links [Coin Collecting]Forum Romanorum - Interesting Roman History site
General Links [Coin Collecting]Cleaning Coins - use at your own risk!
The Cleaning and Preservation of Metals. General Links [Coin Collecting]How to Buy Ancient Coins - Warren Esty`s page
General Links [Coin Collecting]Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins
General Links [Coin Collecting]Art's Ancient Coin Page
General Links [Coin Collecting]Ancient Oriental Coins
General Links [Coin Collecting]Jim's Medieval French Coin Page
General Links [Coin Collecting]The Mesha Stele
(The Moabite Stone. Description with text. 830 BCE.The Mesha Stele
(The Moabite Stone. Description with text. 830 BCE.The Mesha Stele
(The Moabite Stone. Description with text. 830 BCE.The Mesha Stele
(The Moabite Stone. Description with text. 830 BCE.Mesha Stele Photo
Moabite StoneLanguage: Moabite (a West Semitic Language)
Medium: basalt stone stele
Size: 1.15 meters high, 60-68 centimeters wide
Length: 35 lines of writing
Honoree: Mesha, king of Moab
(late 9th century BCE)
Approximate Date: 830 BCE
Place of Discovery: Dhiban [in modern Jordan]
Date of Discovery: 1868
Current Location: Louvre Museum (Paris, France)
Inventory number: AO 5066
Grading & Describing Ancient Coins
Grading & Describing Ancient Coins ..popular page! See why? [Coin Collecting]Overview for Beginning Collectors
Ancient Greek & Roman Coins: Overview for Beginners Recommended reading for those who might be interested in collecting ancient coins [Coin Collecting]Illustrated Glossary of Terms Collectors Should Know
- Heads Laureate, radiate and other terms [Coin Collecting]Illustrated Glossary of Terms Coins
Illustrated Glossary of Terms - other Exergue, mintmark etc. [Coin Collecting]Abbreviations on Roman Imperial Coins
Abbreviations on Roman Imperial Coins SC TRP IMP COS etc. [Coin Collecting]Imperial Coin Denominations
Imperial Coin Denominations A survey of silver & bronze coins [Coin Collecting]FAKES! A survey of `modern` ancients
Fake ancient coins are not really a serious problem and not nearly as prevalent as fakes of modern coins. Do not be afraid to collect coins; collect coins wisely. A few of the major types of obvious fakes are represented on this page.[Coin Collecting]Selecting a Collecting Specialty
Make your collection fit YOU! [Coin Collecting]Imperial Coin Denominations
Imperial Coin Denominations A survey of silver & bronze coins [Coin Collecting]Style - A frequently overlooked matter of great importance
Judging numismatic art [Coin Collecting]Fabric Coin Structure
The Underlying Structure of a Coin. [Coin Collecting]Greek Bronze Coins An Overview for Beginners
[Greece][Coin Collecting]Greek Imperial Coins An Overview for Beginners
[Greece][Coin Collecting]Buying Power of Ancient Coins
What were my Roman coins worth 'back then'? [Coin Collecting]Common Constantinian Copper Coins
Ancient Coins from the `Junkbox`: Common Constantinian Copper [Coin Collecting]Guy Clark's Ancient Coins and Antiquities
Lots of Coin Images [Coins] [Ancient]Essenes, Nazarenes and the Development of Messianism
What? Who? When? Where? Why? By Jack Kilmon, Text and Images [Dead Sea Scrolls]The Coins of Jesus' Time
By Jack Kilmon [Coins]Images of Greek gods
[Ancient Greece] [Images]Archeoligical Excavations in Israel
An index of archeological sites in Israel. Sites looking for volunteers, and latest news of what's happening. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Archaeology of Egypt - Minnesota State Univ
History of Egyptology The Archaeologists Technology in Ancient Egyptian Archaeology Archaeological Sites in Egypt Weird Theories [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Ancient Near East Resources
Links to sites for the study of the Ancient Near East [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]All Things Roman
Links to almost everything for Roman background. Including an index to inscriptions. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]LacusCurtius
Links to almost everything for Roman background. Including an index to inscriptions. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Electronic Resources for Classicists
Links to sites for the study of Classical texts Maria C. Pantelia, University of California, Irvine [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Chicago University Oriental Institute
A huge resource of pictures and information [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Mysteries of the Bible: Philistines
One of the greatest divides between orthodox archaeology/ancient history and followers of the Biblical account can be found in the way the history of the Philistines is described. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Archaeology of Thessalonica
The port city of Thessalonica (now called Salonica or Thessaloniki) was founded by the Macedonian General Kassander in celebration of the successful campaigns against the Persians (315 BCE). With the triumphs and expansion of their influence, new wealth poured into Macedonia and allowed new settlements to be established. This port was constructed on the Thermaic Gulf and knitted together twenty-six villages (including a village called "Thermae" by Herodotus - C5 BCE in his book Polymnia -the description of Xerxes expedition against Greece) as the main seaport and naval base of Macedonia. The original villages were Doric settlements of the period of Macedonian Kings (C5-4 BCE). The new city was named after his wife (Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II and half sister of Alexander the Great). [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Archaeology of Jerusalem and the Temple
Ritmeyer is an archaeologist and a graphic designer. Ritmeyer Archaeological Design began in 1983, producing posters and booklets as a response to the demand for educational materials on the subject of Biblical Archaeology. Since then, it has not only greatly expanded its product range, but grown into a firm that offers consultancy on archaeological background and illustration to groups as diverse as Hollywood movie companies, National Geographic and the new ESV Study Bible. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]AUTHENTIC The Holy Land
Answer questions re archaeology of Israel with information & photos. Tyndale House is a member. Send questions through the Librarian. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Historical Archaeology E-mail Discussion Lists
These email discussion lists span a wide variety of subjects that may be of interest to historical archaeologists. Subscription information is included, as well as (where applicable), a link to the list's webpage. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Archaeology of Daily Roman Life
Architecture and Archaeology; Athletics; Food; History; Holidays; Houses and Baths; Laws; Maps; Politics; Rhetoric; Texts; Wine; Writing; Women; University of Vermont Department of Classics: Daily Roman Life [General] [Archaeology]Kevin Green's
A general introduction to the whole subject of archaeology. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Interactive Ancient Mediterranean
Maps illustrating the classical world of Europe and the Med, but not Israel. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Ancient Synagogues
Primary sources and archaeology for ancient synagogues. [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Post Modern Bible Dictionary
An experimental translation including archaeological background, explanations etc. Definitions and short articles with pictures of people, places and technical terms for biblical study [Online Text Archives] [Study Tools] [Collections]Library of Congress Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibit
The texts in translation, with pictures and introduction. Also archaeological finds. [Online Text Archives] [Study Tools] [Collections]Ancient Days, Biblical Archaeology
This site is to share with others the research done by Dr. David P. Livingston, Ph.D. We will keep posting new materials on archaeology, creation vs evolution, early man, ancient texts, the Flood, Exodus & Conquest. [General] [Archaeology]Judaism and Jewish Resources
Links to modern Israel and Jewish studies [Bible Background] [General] [Archaeology]Archaeology
Until this section is finished being indexed into the main database you can click here to see a list of links including the Bible History Online general resources on this subject, although many of these links are outdated. [Archaeology]The Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins Homepage
[History of Coins] [Coins]JRA SupplementsJournal of Roman Archaeology Supplements
[History of Coins] [Coins]Jay's Roman History, Coins and Technology Site
[History of Coins] [Coins]The Throne of the Caesars: The Emperors
[History of Coins] [Coins]Historical Coins
[Sites for Coin Collectors] [Coins]Numismatic Ring
[Sites for Coin Collectors] [Coins]Ancient Coins - Edward J. Waddell, Ltd.
[Sites for Coin Collectors] [Coins]Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. - Classical Coins, Antiquities
[Sites for Coin Collectors] [Coins]Time Chart of Ancient Cartography
Index of Cartographic Images illustrating maps from the Ancient Period: 6,200 B.C. to 400 A.D. [Cartographic Images]Epigraphical Museum - Athens
Images and descriptions of the major exhibits at the Museum. The Epigraphical Museum was founded in 1885 and it was established in the ground floor of the building of the National Archaeological Museum.Index of Ogham Inscriptions
Inscriptions, bibliography, and image bank.Cornell Greek Epigraphy Project
The Epigraphical Museum is unique in Greece and the largest of its kind in the world. It safeguards 13,510, mostly Greek, inscriptions, which cover the period from early historical times to the Late Roman period, primarily in Greece. [Cornell University]Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Maintained by the Orion Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The site contains up-to-date information about Orion Center services and symposia, virtual tours of the caves at Qumran, and a selective list of Dead Sea Scroll sites.Library of Congress Exhibit on the Dead Sea Scrolls
Background information on the Dead Sea Scrolls, and images of those fragments and artifacts displayed at the Library of Congress exhibit.Fragment of a Dead Sea Scroll
Israel: Qumran, Cave 4; 1st century A.D. Parchment and ink. Oriental Museum. Purchased in Jordan, 1956. "This fragment from a Hebrew manuscript was once part of a library of scrolls hidden in caves near the Dead Sea. The parchment texts, wrapped in linen and stored in pottery jars, were hidden in the first century A.D. and recovered between 1947 and 1956, at which time they became known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. The biblical writings on many of these scrolls are the earliest known Hebrew copies of Old Testament texts. The text on this fragment comes from a non- biblical Essene psalter, similar to the Psalms of the Bible."Archaeological Images and Photos
Please refer to the images and art sections for the particular location, ie. Ancient Near East (Art & Images), etc.Centre for Archaeology at Monash University
in Victoria, Australia. Currently excavating in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt; Dakhleh Oasis lies 800km south-west of Cairo and has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Situated above artesian springs, Dakhleh Oasis forms part of a chain of oases and trade routes that start in the Nile Valley in the north of the country and rejoin the river at modern Luxor, Aswan and in the northern Sudan.Epigraphical Museum Athens
[Papyrology and Epigraphy]Inscriptiones Graecae Eystettenses
Greek Inscriptions of Asia Minor [Papyrology and Epigraphy]Inscriptiones Graecae Eystettenses
Greek Inscriptions of Asia Minor [Papyrology and Epigraphy]Inscriptiones Graecae Eystettenses
Greek Inscriptions of Asia Minor [Papyrology and Epigraphy]Coins references/bibliography
Nicely done, in color. [Ancient Near East] [Coins]General Numismatic Sites
Nicely done, in color. [Comprehensive] [Coins]The Growth of Jerusalem (map)
Over time, the Judean capital city of Jerusalem grew and expanded well beyond the small boundaries of the City of David. At first, the Temple Mount was an addition to the city and was, apparently, fortified in some way (which still remains unknown). Later, the process of expansion "beyond the walls" occured after the population continued to increase. The Bible mentions the names of residential neighborhoods outside the City of David, such as Mishneh (Kings II 22;14) and Makhtesh (Zephania 1;11). The main growth in population occurred around 721 C.E., when the Northern Israelite kingdom of Israel was destroyed by Assyria and the refugees fled to the Southern Israelite kingdom of Judea; and in 701 C.E., when King Sennacherib of Assyria led a military campaign, conquering the coastal cities of the Land of Israel. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Jebusite Foundation
During the 1960's the British archeologist Kathleen Kenyon excavated the eastern slope of the city's hill. She succeeded in exposing, at the middle of the slope, the remains of the solid Jebusite defense wall that King David had to overcome in his conquest of Jerusalem. Only the small section pictured was exposed during the excavation. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Wide Wall from the Jewish Quarter
Broad wall of the Jewish Quarter. This wall, which was discovered by Professor Avigad, is an impressive archaeological testimony of the fortification effort by King Hezekiah. The length of the segment of the exposed wall is 65 meters, and its width is 7 meters. The wall is assumed to be from the period of Hezekiah, because clay fragments identified with that period were found near the wall. Underneath the wall, remnants of houses were found which also date to that same time period. This is an example of fortification in times of emergency, as Isaiah the prophet aptly describes the situation: "...and ye numbered the houses of Jerusalem, and ye broke down the houses to fortify the wall." (Isaiah 22;10). [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Ancient Wall inside today's Jewish Quarter
This wide wall is located in the heart of the reconstructed Jewish quarter of today's Old City. A segment of it was left exposed in the quarter so that visitors could easily see it and gain an insight into the strength of the fortification. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Ophel Hill (City of David)
Excavations in the Hill of Ophel. The City of David is located on the Ophel hill, a hill sloping southward from the southeastern side of the Temple Mount. Today the Ophel is an archaeological garden, open to the public for study tours. Extensive excavations in this area, carried out since 1968, cut through about 2,500 years of history and include some 25 layers. Important finds from the First (960 - 587 BCE) and Second Temple periods (515 BCE - 70 CE), Roman times (63 BCE - 324 CE), the Byzantine era (324 - 638) and the early Muslim period (7th C.) show how the city's successive rulers used the remains of their predecessors' structures for their own buildings. Four additional biblical sites are located in this area: the Gihon Spring, Warren's Shaft, Hezekiah's Tunnel, and the Pool of Siloam. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Excavations in the City of David
The City of David is located on the Ophel hill, a hill sloping southward from the southeastern side of the Temple Mount. Today the Ophel is an archaeological garden, open to the public for study tours. Extensive excavations in this area, carried out since 1968, cut through about 2,500 years of history and include some 25 layers. Important finds from the First (960 - 587 BCE) and Second Temple periods (515 BCE - 70 CE), Roman times (63 BCE - 324 CE), the Byzantine era (324 - 638) and the early Muslim period (7th C.) show how the city's successive rulers used the remains of their predecessors' structures for their own buildings. Four additional biblical sites are located in this area: the Gihon Spring, Warren's Shaft, Hezekiah's Tunnel, and the Pool of Siloam. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Temple of Herod
The Temple of Herod was a massive structure located in Jerusalem. It was built at the order of King Herod during the second period of King Herod's reign (25-13 BCE ). During this time, the king initiated a major building and rebuilding program, and this was by far the most famous of all projects. [Model] [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Temple Mount
The Temple Mount in Jerusalem Where were the First and Second Jewish Temples Located? Aerial photo of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem showing the Proposed Northern, Central and Southern Sites for the First and Second Temples. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Dome of the Rock
The third most important shrine in Islam, built in 683 C.E. by Ommayad Caliph Abd El-Malik Ibn Marwan. Built on Mount Moriah and named after the large rock inside the mosque where, according to tradition, Isaac was prepared for sacrifice, and from where Mohammed rose to heaven. The rock is also considered the foundation stone of the Temple. Below is found "The Cave of the Prophets." [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Western Wall of the Temple Mount
The Western Wall is one of the few surviving sections of the huge Temple Mount enclosure built by King Herod 2,000 years ago. After the destruction of the second temple by the Romans in 70 C.E., the Western Wall gradually became a Jewish holy place "by proxy," and symbolizes not only he mourning for the destroyed Temple , but also the eternal hope of redemption. The western wall is 20 meters high. The seven lower layers, some 7 meters in height, are constructed of huge stones, cut in the special fashion typical of Herod. Additional layers, from later periods , are found on top of those laid by Herod. Further layers from the second temple period are still buried. Extensive excavations have been carried out on this site since the six-day war. The Western Wall owes its significance to its close proximity to Judaism's holiest place, the Holy of Holies on the Temple Mount. [Archaeology]Western Wall Tunnel Location Diagram)
Legend:
1. New entrance to tunnel;
2. Moslem Quarter;
3. Via Dolorosa;
4. Lions' Gate;
5. Temple Mount;
6. Christian Quarter;
7. Church of the Holy Sepulchre;
8. Path of the tunnel;
9. Jewish Quarter;
10. Western Wall Plaza;
11. Western Wall
The entire western wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem has been completely revealed for the first time since 70 C.E. Excavations have uncovered all 490 metres of the wall that once formed the western girder of ancient Jerusalem's great Temple and the entire stonework that formed the basis of the original Temple mount in now exposed. An ancient Hasmonean water tunnel, built about 120 B.C.E. and later blocked by Herod's builders in also visible for the first time and is one of the rare Hasmonean finds uncovered to date in Jerusalem. One of the most unexpected archaeological finds disclosed by the excavation is that Herod did not complete the entire construction of the Temple mount as historians and archaeologists believed to this day. A change in the type of masonry used at the northern end of the western wall is evidence that Herod built all but the last stages of construction of the Temple mount. Instead of the polished stones with characteristic Herodian masonry marks, part of the original stonework is roughly hewn. One of the mysteries uncovered during the excavation is the presence of massive stones that measure some 14 metres in length, 3 metres in height, and are estimated to be 2 metres thick and to weigh over 300 tons. No one can explain how these gigantic rocks were transported to the site. Walking along the tunnel, you can see the rock escarpment of the long lost Antonia fortress at the northern end of the western wall built by the Maccabees. This imposing building complex existed for only a few decades before it was demolished by he Romans followinn the fall of the Temple. The Tunnel is wide enough for one person to pass at a time, leading to a one-way route exiting at the beginning of the Via Dolorosa. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]
Temple Mount
The Temple Mount compound, which occupies about a sixth of the territory of the Old City, is sacred to the two monotheistic religions: Judaism and Islam. The mountain is identified with the place where Isaac was sacrificed. It is here that the first and second temples were built. After the destruction of the second temple, the mountain remained desolate until the Moslem conquest in the year 638. The Muslims have constructed various sites on the mountain. Some of the more famous ones are: the gilded Dome of the Rock and El-Aqsa Mosque. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Dome of the Rock (article)
The third most important shrine in Islam, built in 683 C.E. by Ommayad Caliph Abd El-Malik Ibn Marwan. Built on Mount Moriah and named after the large rock inside the mosque where, according to tradition, Isaac was prepared for sacrifice, and from where Mohammed rose to heaven. The rock is also considered the foundation stone of the Temple. Below is found "The Cave of the Prophets." Mauriah Conway [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Mount of Olives--Dominus Flevit Church
Christian tradition has it that after Jesus had left Bethphage on his way to Jerusalem, he passed through this place. It is on this site that the city of Jerusalem appeared to him, following a speech bemoaning the destiny of the city. This is echoed in the name of the church, which means in Latin: "The Lord Cried." This tradition traces back to Byzantine times. On constructing the new church in 1954, a large cemetery was uncovered further to the east, which dates from the age of the second Temple. In the courtyard lie sarcophagi, some of which carry inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, with names like Zechariyah, Jesus, Mary, and "˜Azariyah. The alter, both in the new church and in the ancient church, faced towards the west, namely the Temple mount, not towards the east as usual. The modern aspe has an arched window through which the old city and temple mount loom up. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Mount of Olives (article)
Through the Lion's Gate in the eastern wall of Old Jerusalem and east, across the Kidron Valley, lies the Mount of Olives. Also called Olivet (Hebrew name, Har Hamishha), the Mount of Olives is not a mountain at all, but a slope blending into other slopes. Despite this, it is the tallest of the mountains and hills around Jerusalem, rising approximately 2,900 feet above sea level. Mary Beach [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Church of All Nations at Foot of Mount of Olives
The Church of All Nations ('The Basilica of the Agony") is situated at the foot of the Mount of Olives, the site of a Jewish cemetery in use since ancient times. The church was built in the early 1920s on the remains of a 5th century Byzantine structure and a later Crusader church. Designed by the Italian architect Antonio Barluzzi, the basilica features twelve cupolas, each representing one of the twelve sponsoring nations. The Rock of the agony where, according to Christian tradition, Jesus knelt to pray, is the central feature of the basilica. Much of the original Byzantine mosaic pavement has been preserved and foundations of the Crusader church can be seen in the garden among the ancient olive trees. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Garden of Gethsemane (article)
The Garden of Gethsemane is located across the Kidron valley to the east of Jerusalem and on the western slope of the Mount of Olives. The word Gethsemane means "oil press" or "olive press" which leads scholars to believe that the garden was a grove of olive trees in which was located an oil press. Susan Clayton [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Via Dolorosa
Via Dolorosa, which means the way of suffering, was the way which those condemned to death by the Romans had to proceed along, carrying the cross on their backs, with a sign bearing the prisoner's name and his charges. Jesus' Via Dolorosa started from the place of his trial and ended with his crucifixion in Golgotha and his burial at the Holy Sepulchre. The tradition relating to Jesus' walking along the Via Dolorosa had its origin in Byzantine times and at first the procession would be held from Gethsemane to Golgotha. It was during the period of the crusades, in the 13th century, that the present Via Dolorosa tradition evolved. There are 14 stations along the Via Dolorosa, nine of which are on the road and the remaining five within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. STATION 1 - JESUS IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH; STATION 2 - JESUS RECEIVES THE CROSS; STATION 3 - JESUS FALLS FOR THE FIRST TIME; STATION 4 - JESUS MEETS HIS GRIEVING MOTHER; STATION 5 - SIMON OF CYRENE CARRIES THE CROSS; STATION 6 - VERONICA WIPES THE FACE OF JESUS; STATION 7 - JESUS FALLS FOR THE SECOND TIME; STATION 8- JESUS SPEAK TO THE WOMEN OF JERUSALEM; STATION 9 - JESUS FALLS FOR THE THIRD TIME; STATION 10 - JESUS IS STRIPPED OF HIS GARMENTS; STATION 11 - JESUS IS NAILED TO THE CROSS; STATION 12 - JESUS DIES ON THE CROSS; STATION 13 - JESUS' BODY IS TAKEN FROM THE CROSS; STATION 14-JESUS IS LAID IN THE HOLY SEPULCHRE. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Via Dolorosa (article)
To Christians, the city of Jerusalem holds particular significance because it was the site of Christ's condemnation, crucifixion. And burial. The Via Dolorosa is the traditional route that Jesus is thought to have taken from Pilate's hall to Golgotha. Latin for "way of sorrows," (Beers 328) the Via Dolorosa is a commemoration of Christ's arduous journey. The path is made up of fourteen different stations of the cross, each of which recounts a particular point along the way. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Church of the Holy Sepulchre
This is the holiest Christian site in Jerusalem. The church was first built in the 4th century by Emperor Constantine's mother Helena over the site of a Roman pagan temple to Venus. The present building is Crusader (12th century) and contains the last five stations of the cross. The church is divided among several denominations, each responsible for its own section. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Church of the Holy Sepulchre (article)
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is located in the northwest quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is believed to be built on the site of the tomb where Jesus was buried and resurrected in 33 AD. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Garden Tomb
The Garden Tomb is part of "Skull Hill," a rock-hewn tomb, and a tranquil garden, first identified by General Gordon in the 19th century. Some have supported it as the place of Jesus' crucifixion and burial. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Garden Tomb (article)
In 1883, British general Charles Gordon discovered a beautiful garden tomb. A stone outcropping jutting out nearby resembled what Gordon believed Calvary must look like. The site is located along Nablus Road, just outside the walls of the Old City, northwest of the Damascus Gate. Gordon concluded that this could be the location of the crucifixion and burial of Jesus. However, its authenticity is often doubted [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Mount Zion - General View
The name "Mount Zion" now refers to the part of the western hill south of the Old City beyond Zion Gate. In the Old Testament period, the name was used for the lower eastern hill, now known as the City of David. The present Mount Zion is bordered on the west and south by the Hinnom Valley and on the east by the Tyropean Valley. Although now outside the city walls, Mt. Zion was within the city walls in the late second Temple period (2nd century B.C.E.- 70 C.E.). As the tradtional site of King David's tomb it has long been the focus of Jewish pilgrimage. The area also contains several sites sacred to Christianity: the room of the last supper (the Upper Room), the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu, and the Dormition Abbey. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Mount Zion - article
Geographically, the mountain known as Zion is an elongated triangular plateau that forms the ridge between the Kidron valley to the east and the Tyropoean valley to the west. Rising slightly above the surounding Judean countryside and flanked to the east by a constant water supply from the Gihon spring, this mount was most likely chosen as a habitation for its natural features as a citadel. Jared Washam [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Traditional Upper Room
According to tradition (going back only to the 10th century), this is the place where Jesus celebrated the Passover feast with his disciples before he was arrested. Also according to tradition he appeared here after his resurrection. The hall was constructed by the Crusaders. The Fransciscans who bought it in 1335 introduced some changes in it. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Jews sought to buy the site because the Tomb of David is located on the lower floor. This attempt entailed a conflict between Jews and Christians. Eventually in 1551, the Muslims took possession of the site and transformed it into a mosque with "prayer niches" which can still be seen today. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Yad Vashem - Valley of Destroyed Communities
The Valley of the Destroyed Communities is the latest addition (1993) to the Yad Vashem complex, Israel's central memorial to the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust of World War II. It consists of a maze of courtyards (each representing a country or geographical region), on whose walls are inscribed the names of cities and towns where Jewish communities flourished before the advent of the Nazi regime in Germany. Viewed from the air, the structure approximates the shape of the map of Europe. The national institution for research and documentation of the Holocaust, Yad Vashem includes a museum, the Hall of the Names, and the Avenue of Righteous Gentiles. It is dedicated to perpetuating the memory of the Jews who perished in the Nazi Holocaust (1939-1945). [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Gihon Spring
In a land as dry as the Land of Israel, the main consideration in determining the location of a city or village, is its proximity to the nearest water source. The only permanent water source of ancient Jerusalem was the Gihon Spring. Its name is derived from the fact that it doesn't flow steadily, but rather in random eruptions with lapses in between them (Giha in Hebrew means eruption). The Gihon Spring is located in a cave on the eastern side of the City of David. To provide access to the water during times of siege, shafts were hewn through the rocky hillside of David's City from inside the city's walls. Warren's Shaft is such a shaft. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Gihon Spring (another view)
An early 19th century explorer, Charles Warren, discovered a tunnel leading to the Gihon Spring. Warren's Shaft seen here can be visited on a tour of the City of David, and the steps of the ancient Jerusalemites can be retraced to the well. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Hezekiah's Tunnel
The most magnificent waterworks of ancient Jerusalem is Hezekiah's Tunnel. The tunnel is hewn inside the hill in order to protect the access to water from enemies. It channels the water from the Gihon fountainhead to the Shiloah pool, which was within the new walls of the city built by Hezekiah. King Hezekiah built the tunnel in preparation for the Assyrian siege: "This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David." (Chronicles II, 32;30) The external entrance to the Gihon spring was hidden: "... and many people gathered together, and they stopped up all of the fountains" (Chronicles II, 32; 4). Then the waters of the Gihon were channeled through the tunnel to the Shiloah Pool, also built by Hezekiah (Kings II, 20; 20). The pool was located outside the original fortifications of the City of David (Chronicles II, 32; 30), but within the wall that Hezekiah had built. This is the main reason for thereconstruction of the southern part of the wall. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Artist's Conception of City of David
Virtual tour to the City of David. The City of David is located on the Ophel hill, a hill sloping southward from the southeastern side of the Temple Mount. Today the Ophel is an archaeological garden, open to the public for study tours. Extensive excavations in this area, carried out since 1968, cut through about 2,500 years of history and include some 25 layers. Important finds from the First (960 - 587 BCE) and Second Temple periods (515 BCE - 70 CE), Roman times (63 BCE - 324 CE), the Byzantine era (324 - 638) and the early Muslim period (7th C.) show how the city's successive rulers used the remains of their predecessors' structures for their own buildings. Four additional biblical sites are located in this area: the Gihon Spring, Warren's Shaft, Hezekiah's Tunnel, and the Pool of Siloam. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]History of Plumbing in Jerusalem
The Siloah Waterworks; schematic drawing. See Christopher Kidwell's page on the Gihon Spring, Hezekiah's Tunnel, and the Pool of Siloam. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Gihon Spring, Hezekiah's Tunnel, and the Pool of Siloam
Hezekiah's water tunnel in Jerusalem, the Gihon Spring, and the Pool of Siloam. The Gihon Spring was a primary water source for the ancient city of Jerusalem. When the king of Assyria (Sennacherib) was making war against Judah (Isaiah 36:1), and it was clear that Jersualem would likely be attacked as well, Hezekiah (king of Judah) fortified the city including the spring. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Sketch of Valleys, Walls, and Gates of Jerusalem
The three valleys that almost surround the Old City are mentioned many times in the Bible. They are the Tyropean, Kidron, and Hinnom Valleys. The Tyropean Valley is located just to the west of the Ophel. It is difficult to see today because it has been filled in during construction and reconstruction in the Old City. The Kidron Valley is located between the Mount of Olives and the Temple Mount. All travelers coming to Jerusalem from the east pass through this valley. The Hinnom Valley is located just south of the Old City. This was the place where the city's garbage dump was located. Jesus made smbolic reference to the unfaithful being cast into "gehenna," thus using the Hinnom Valley as a symbol or example of a wasted or worthless life. The present walls of the Old City were built by the Ottoman ruler Suliman the Magnificent, between 1537-1542 C.E. The walls of the time of Jesus were further to the south than the walls of today. The Old City is divided into four sections: the Christian Quarter to the northwest, the Muslim Quarter to the northeast, the Armenian Quarter to the southwest, and the Jewish Quarter to the southeast. If you are interested in seeing images of all the gates of the Old City, see "Gates of the Old City." [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Gates of the Old City - Golden Gate
Golden Gate The Mercy (Golden) Gate (Bab el Rahmeh) appears in the legends of all three religions. An early Jewish tradition holds that it is through that gate that the Messiah will enter jerusalem. According to Christian tradition, Jesus made made his last entry to Jerusalem through the Mercy Gate. The Muslims refer to it as the Gate of Mercy and believe it to be the gate referred to in the Koran, through which the just will pass on the Day of Judgment (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Golden Gate
Herod's Gate The first name was given to the gate by pilgrims, who erroneously believed that it led to Herod's palace. It is also known in Arabic as the Flower Gate (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Lion's Gate
Lion's Gate Known in Hebrew as the Lion's Gate. Legend has it that the lions engraved on both sides of the gate were placed there by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, because he had dreamed that he would be devoured by lions unless he built a wall around the Holy City for the defence of the citizens (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Zion Gate
Zion Gate The western gate of the Old City, named after Mount Zion. In Arabic it is known as "the Prophet David's Gate", because one passes through King David's tomb on Mount Zion(Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Damascus Gate
Damascus Gate The most massive and ornate of all of Jerusalem's gates. The road running off it leads to Shechem (Nablus) and then to Damascus (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Jaffa Gate
Jaffa Gate this gate is the principal entrance to the Old City. Its name in Arabic is Bab-el-Khalil, the gate of Hebron, as the main road to Hebron started here. It was also called Jaffa Gate because the road to Jaffa and the coast also started from it (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - Dung Gate
Dung Gate The Dung Gate is mentioned in the book of Nehemiah as a dispatch point for the city's refuse. It would appear that it was through this gate that the refuse was removed from the city (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Gates of the Old City - the Valley Gate (Sha'ar HaGai )
Sha'ar HaGai Nehemiah mentions that he began his trip to the city from Sha'ar HaGai. The name refers to a site on the way to Jerusalem. The Hebrew name Sha'ar HaGai is a translation of the Arabic Bab el Wad, the Valley Gate, which leads to Jerusalem (Photo by Duby Tal and Moni Haramati) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]The Valleys around the Old City
Three valleys surround the city of Jerusalem-Hinnom, Kidron, and Tyropean. The Kidron Valley (Valley of the Brook Kedron or Jehosephant) is located on the eastern side of the city, the Hinnom Valley (Valley of Ben Hinnom or Gehenna) runs south, then east going around the western side of the city, and the Tyropean is between these two valley's on the southern end of the city. Marisa Manzi [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Valleys around Jerusalem
Three valleys surround the city of Jerusalem-Hinnom, Kidron, and Tyropean. The Kidron Valley (Valley of the Brook Kedron or Jehosephant) is located on the eastern side of the city, the Hinnom Valley (Valley of Ben Hinnom or Gehenna) runs south, then east going around the western side of the city, and the Tyropean is between these two valley's on the southern end of the city. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Valley of Hinnom
The Valley of Hinnom is located outside of Jerusalem to the southwest of the city walls. This valley, along with the Kidron Valley, was in ancient times one of the major defenses guarding the Holy city. Kendra Howard [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Lion's Gate Photo
Known in Hebrew as the Lion's Gate. Legend has it that the lions engraved on both sides of the gate were placed there by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, because he had dreamed that he would be devoured by lions unless he built a wall around the Holy City for the defense of the citizens. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Jaffa Gate Photo
Jaffa Gate is the principal entrance to the Old City. Its name in Arabic is Bab-el-Khalil, the gate of Hebron, as the main road to Hebron started here. It was also called Jaffa Gate because the road to Jaffa and the coast also started from it [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem from Furman Univ.]Dung Gate
The Dung Gate is mentioned in the book of Nehemiah as a dispatch point for the city's refuse. It would appear that it was through this gate that the refuse was removed from the city. Notice the Western Wall just above the Dung Gate and the Temple Mount in the background. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Western Wall Photo
The Western Wall is one of the few surviving sections of the huge Temple Mount enclosure built by King Herod 2,000 years ago. After the destruction of the second temple by the Romans in 70 C.E., the Western Wall gradually became a Jewish holy place "by proxy," and symbolizes not only he mourning for the destroyed Temple , but also the eternal hope of redemption. The western wall is 20 meters high. The seven lower layers, some 7 meters in height, are constructed of huge stones, cut in the special fashion typical of Herod. Additional layers, from later periods , are found on top of those laid by Herod. Further layers from the second temple period are still buried. Extensive excavations have been carried out on this site since the six-day war. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Sennacherib`s Account
The same account as the Bible event was recorded for the library at Nineveh and the clay tablet of the record is now in the British Museum. [Archaeology]Ruins of Babylon
The same account as the Bible event was recorded for the library at Nineveh and the clay tablet of the record is now in the British Museum. [Archaeology]Great Isaiah Scroll
Probably the most valuable of these documents is the `Isaiah Scroll`. Some 23 feet long and made of leather, it is a remarkable testimony to the textual accuracy of the Bible as we know it today. Modern methods of estimating the age of the scroll and its flax, or linen cover, reveal the fact that it is a transcription of the complete text of the book of Isaiah made in about 100 B.C. The Qumran Isaiah scrolls are two. Q or Qa is the Qumran Great Isaiah Scroll and Qb is the Qumran Scroll of Isaiah that is about 75% complete. Qa, the Qumran Great Isaiah Scroll is complete from the first word on page 1 to the last word on page 54. [Archaeology]The roof tops of the old city of Jerusalem.
A view over the roof tops of the Old City of Jerusalem. In the middle is the golden roof of the Dome of the Rock at the Temple Mount. [Archaeology]The Western Wall in Jerusalem.
Historical Photos [Archaeology]The roof tops of the old city of Jerusalem.
A view over the roof tops of the Old City of Jerusalem. In the top left corner is the golden roof of the Dome of the Rock at the Temple Mount. [Archaeology]The Roman Aqueducts at Caesarea Maritima.
Photos. Since Ceasarea lacked a natural water source, aqueducts were built by the Romans to bring in fresh water. Most water in Israel comes from the mountains in the north. The Romans built huge aqueducts to bring in water. [Archaeology]Aerial photograph of Caesarea Maritima
Aerial View Of Ancient Roman Port Of Caesarea [Archaeology]SunWatch : Archaeology : Children and Archaeology
Children and Archaeology The Importance of Pottery "Ancient" Pottery Excavation Activity Why I Became an Archaeologist Insight into Ancient Egypt Archaeology Party: Mummy Wrap Activity What Does an Archaeologist do? The Unexpected (and Sometimes Unpleasant) Side of Archaeology Archaeology Party: Edible Archaeology My Favorite Archaeological Subject All Pages [Archaeology]Washing Pottery
Washing pottery: Another side of how archaeology works. Llandeilo roman Fort dig w/ digging and washing of pottery [Archaeology]Two clay tablets (Hazor)
Two clay tablets written in Cuneiform found in the vicinity of the Canaanite palace. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Map of the upper and lower city (Hazor)
A map of the Tel and the lower city showing main areas of excavation since Yadin's excavations in the 1950's. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Epigraphical Museum of Athens
The purpose of the museum, which is a Special Regional Service of the Ministry of Culture, is to safeguard, protect, conserve, display and promote the epigraphical collections that it contains.Index of Ogham Inscriptions
Index of Ogham inscriptions, bibliography, and image bank. [Epigraphy]Rune Typology Project
The project is aiming to create a new transliteration system for runes in order to facilitate comparison of such texts. The site includes a searchable database of runic inscriptions. [Epigraphy]Cornell Greek Epigraphy Project
Information regarding the Cornell Project, which is encoding epigraphic texts into a CD-ROM format. [Epigraphy]University of Southern Florida Expedition at Sepphoris
Information from several seasons of excavation at Sepphoris, Israel, and an extensive discussion of the glass found on site. [Archaeology] [Excavations]Tel Dor Photos and Info
Dig information and photos from excavations at Tel Dor, Israel. Eric Kondratieff's web site is devoted to Tel Dor, an important archaeological site on Israel's Mediterranean coastline. Also known as Tantura or Khirbet el-Burq (its Arabic names), Tel Dor is located fifteen miles south of Haifa, and just eight miles north of Caesarea; the temporary home for dig volunteers is in nearby Pardess Hanna (See map of Israel with locations). [Archaeology] [Excavations]The source of the Israelite water system (Hazor)
The tunnel is directed westwards towards the water level within the precincts of the Tell. Its dimensions and direction indicate the soundness of the geological knowledge possessed by the Israelite engineers. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The Israelite water system (Hazor)
The Hazor water system dates to the 9th century BC and was used until the final destruction of the Israelite city in the 8th century BC. The width of the rock-hewn steps leading down to the water suggest that water was brought up by pack animals descending and ascending simultaneously. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Plan of the water system (Hazor)
The entrance to the tunnel is situated at the western edge of the shaft bottom. The tunnel itself runs south-west for approximately 25m, sloping down gradually to the water level. The vaulted ceiling of the tunnel is some 4m high. The total depth of the shaft and the tunnel is about 40m. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]UCSD Archaeological Field Schools in the Middle East
Site information from both Nahal Tillah, Israel, and Wadi Fidan, Jordan. [Archaeology] [Excavations]Combined Caesarea Expeditions
Site information regarding current excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Israel. Underwater Excavations of Sebastos: King Herod's Harbor. The ancient harbor at Caesarea, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa near the Kibbutz Sdot Yam (34 deg 53.5 min E 32 deg 30.5 min N). The harbor was commissioned and built by Herod the Great in 21 BC. Herod used a new Roman building technique which incorporated newly invented material, hydraulic concrete, to build harbor moles out from the coastline. The early history of the harbor is documented by Josephus Flavius, however, the later history is still largely unknown (the harbor is presently submerged 5-7m below mean sea level). Recent excavations have focused on reconstructing the method of harbor construction and the morphology of the harbor in order to understand how the harbor functioned and how it changed through time. [Archaeology] [Excavations]Archaelogical Excavations at Cetamura del Chianti
Information regarding excavations at Cetamura, Italy, occupied during both the Hellentistic period and early Roman Empire. Includes some images from the site. [Archaeology] [Excavations]Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology Homepage
Lengthy list of sites as well as search tools for classical and mediterranean archaeology, and lists of other indexes. [Index Sites] [Collections]Destruction of Herod's Temple and Intermediate occupation
The Temple Platform at Caesarea Maritima: Destruction of Herod's Temple and Intermediate Occupation Construction of the Temple to Roma and Augustus on the highest point of the city facing the harbor was meant to symbolize the connection between Herod and his patron, Augustus. [Articles] [Archaeology]King Herod's Temple of Roma and Augustus at Caesarea Maritim
This deluxe volume contains 40 papers from an international symposium - held on January 3-11, 1995 - on Caesarea Maritima, a celebrated Jewish, Roman, and Early Christian city. Climaxing a major excavation campaign in 1992-95 [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Underwater Archaeology
Introduction to Marine Archaeology in Israel. Classification of Underwater Archaeological Sites Submerged prehistoric settlements 1. Settlement: structures, installations, burials, tools. 2. Seasonal settlement: installations, tools. 3. Concentration of ancient remnants. Coastal settlements 1. Coastal town: structures and installations on the coastline and in the sea. 2. Coastal settlement: village, fortress, structures, installations. 3. Concentration of ancient remnants. Shipwrecks 1. Remains of wooden hull and cargo. 2. Concentration of cargo and remnants of vessel lacking wooden sections of the hull. 3. Concentration of ballast stones. 4. Single find that originated from a ship. Ports and Anchorages 1. Built-up port: docks, quays and breakwaters. 2. Anchorage: natural formation improved by man. 3. Natural anchorage: temporary shelter ships in a bay or a natural feature. 4. Anchorage in open sea: concentration of anchors off shore. Rock-cut installations on the coastline 1. Quarries. 2. Pools. 3. Slipways 4. Channels. 5. Installations for producing salt. 6. Rock-cut bollards and mooring facilities [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Caesarea cache of 11 gold ornaments
Gold ornaments found under a floor in Caesarea, Israel, reflect the city's wealth during the Late Roman era. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Herod the Great's Enormous Temple Base Found
Foundation stones of Herod the Great's enormous temple in Caesarea, Israel, built 2,000 years ago as a display of his loyalty to Augustus, were recently uncovered by archaeologists from the University of Maryland and Israel's Haifa University. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Caesarea Research Projects
In 21 BC, King Herod the Great, ruler of the Jewish state of Judea, commissioned and built an all-weather harbor at Caesarea. He hoped to ingratiate himself to the new ruler of Rome, Caesar Augustus, and at the same time to satisfy some of his economic needs. The construction of the harbor was difficult due to natural constraints presented by the Israeli coastline ( Israeli Coastline ). The coast is straight, with no natural topography that could be expanded upon to build a harbor. However, Herod's engineers succeeded in building an all-weather harbor by using hydraulic concrete, a new Roman building material, to construct breakwaters extending out into the sea. ( A View of Herod's Harbor ). Construction of the harbor took twelve years. Herod named the completed city Caesarea and the harbor Sebastos (Greek for Augustus) (Details on Harbor Construction ). Archaeological evidence suggests that the city of Caesarea had a bustling harbor at least up to the mid to late first century. However, findings suggest the outer harbor had some problems towards the end of the 1st century AD which affected harbor use. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence to indicate whether these problems were due to natural or human-induced causes. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Caesarea Harbor Construction
Caesarea is located today half way between Tel Aviv and Haifa on Israel's Mediterranean coast. It was here that Herod the Great built the city of Caesarea Maritima with Sebastos, its huge harbour complex. Although Herod chose the then ruinous town of Straton's Tower as the nucleus for his new city and port, it had no natural features that made it suited to the formation of a large harbour, a fact vividly recorded by Flavius Josephus (Jewish War, 1930: 410-414; Jewish Antiquities 1930: 331-342)(Josephus' Description ). He noted the absence of any suitable anchorage along the coastline of the region from Dor to Jaffa, and how even in mild weather conditions the sea was always rough. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]The Single Mission Barges of Caesarea Maritima
Caesarea is located today half way between Tel Aviv and Haifa on Israel's Mediterranean coast. It was here that Herod the Great built the city of Caesarea Maritima with Sebastos, its huge harbour complex. Christopher Brandon [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Pool of Bethesda
The Pool of Bethesda is adjacent to St. Anne's Church. It is mentioned in the Gospel of John (5:2ff.) in conjunction with Jesus' healing of a paralyzed man. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Space Radar of Jerusalem Region
This space radar image shows the area surrounding the Dead Sea along the West Bank between Israel and Jordan. The yellow area at the top of the image is the city of Jericho. A portion of the Dead Sea is shown as the large black area at the top right side of the image. The Jordan River is the white line at the top of the image which flows into the Dead Sea. Jerusalem, which lies in the Judaean Hill Country, is the bright, yellowish area shown along the left center of the image. Just below and to the right of Jerusalem is the town of Bethlehem. The city of Hebron is the white, yellowish area near the bottom of the image. (The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) on October 3, 1994 onboard the space shuttle Endeavour.) [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Recent Discoveries at Ashkelon (article)
By David Schloen, Assistant Professor of Syro-Palestinian Archaeology The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations The Oriental Institute The University of ChicagoThe Pool of Bethesda and the Church of St. Anne (article)
Further in the chapter, we read that Jesus heals the sick man found at the pool. "Bethesda", which means a spring fed pool with five porches, is Hebrew in origin, coming from the word "Chesda", meaning house of mercy. The supposed remains of the pool of Bethesda are on the east side of Jerusalem, contiguous on one side to St. Stephen's gate and on the northern side is the area of the temple mount. It is believed to be 120 paces long and 40 paces wide and about 8 feet deep but contains no water. On its west end are some old dammed up arches which are connected to the five porches mentioned in the verses. There is some discussion among scholars that there are only three or four porches instead of five. During the Roman Period, a temple dedicated to the god Serapis was located on this site. Anne Stanford [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]Old City Jerusalem Map
Nice illustrative map of the old city. [Archaeology] [Images of selected sites in Jerusalem]The Hazor Excavations
Some past excavation details as well as seasonal reports. a joint project of the Hebrew University, Complutense University of Madrid and the Israel Exploration Society. Currently being excavated are Israelite private and administrative buildings, a Canaanite high place and a large palace. Impressive works of art and four cuneiform tablets - part of Hazor's archives - have been unearthed in the past 6 seasons.The Hazor Excavations (History of Hazor)
Hazor comprises of two distinct sections: The upper city (the acropolis) and the lower city (the fortified enclosure) lying close to the north. Hazor was the largest site of the Biblical period of Israel. It was approximately 10 times the size of Jerusalem in the days of David and Solomon. (Canaanite and Israelite Hazor with some photos).The Hazor Excavations (Picture Gallery)
Hazor comprises of two distinct sections: The upper city (the acropolis) and the lower city (the fortified enclosure) lying close to the north. Hazor was the largest site of the Biblical period of Israel. It was approximately 10 times the size of Jerusalem in the days of David and Solomon. (Canaanite and Israelite Hazor with some photos).Hazor
The biblical city of Hazor was a site of Canaanite and Israelite settlement. Known as Tell el-Qedah in Arabic, Hazor is the largest biblical era site in Israel. The name "Hazor" may mean "enclosure" or "settlement" and was, therefore, not a unique place name in ancient Canaan. The most important settlement known as Hazor, however, was the fortified site in Naphtali (Joshua 19:36) identified with Tell el-Qedah, which is located about 10 miles north of the Sea of Galilee. The site consists of a mound, or tell, of about 30 acres, the area of the acropolis or compound of administrative palaces, and to the north the lower city measuring some 175 acres. Covering roughly 200 acres, Hazor is four times the size of Lachish, Israel's second largest site.Tel Hazor (excavations at Hazor)
Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. This site provides information about Tel Hazor and information for prospective volunteers who may wish to participate in further excavations at Hazor. No previous experience in archaeology is required.The "flight of stairs" (excavations at Hazor)
A flight of stairs leading westward from the podium in Area M. The stairs - like the floor and podium - are made of basalt indicating the significance of this area. Photo is taken at the end of excavations in 1995. Two more stairs leading to a pebble-paved floor were excavated in 1996. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The Tel Hazor acropolis (upper city)
An aerial view of the acropolis at Hazor. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]A map of the acropolis (Hazor)
A map of the upper city (acropolis, Tel) showing the main areas excavated in the renewed excavations since 1990, and the significant Israelite (iron age) remains. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Canaanite palace (Hazor)
An aerial view of Area A from the West. The Canaanite palace is at the bottom of the picture. The six-chambered "Solomonic Gate" is visible at the top left of the picture. The picture was taken at the end of excavations in 1996. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Jewels of the Canaanite palace (Hazor)
Jewelry from the Canaanite palace (beads, earrings, cylinder seals, ivory plaques and gold sheet). Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Canaanite Palace (Hazor)
Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. Rising dramatically beyond a bend in the road linking the Sea of Galilee with Israel's northern border, Tel Hazor stands as prominently on the landscape today as when the Canaanite city founded on the site was at the height of its prosperity and international influence some View of the main entrance to the Late Bronze Age palace 3500 years ago. [Recent Archaeological Discoveries at Hazor ]History of Hazor
Canaanite Hazor and Israelite Hazor. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The "ibni" tablet (Hazor)
A letter sent to Ibni (-addu?) king of Hazor (18th century BCE). Found in the vicinity of the Canaanite Palace. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Canaanite bronze figurine (Hazor)
A volunteer admiring one of the bronze figurines found in the Canaanite palace. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The "podium" (Hazor)
A Canaanite cultic (or civic) platform, made of basalt found in Area M. The top is made from a single piece of basalt estimated to weigh close to 2 tons. It may have supported a chair or throne as there are four precise circular depressions in the center of the basalt block. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The restored Israelite buildings (Hazor)
The "four rooms" building on left and the "pillared" building on the right were moved and restored in a new location to enable excavations beneath them. The restoration also enabled better preservation and makes them accessible to the public. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Canaanite bronze figurine (Hazor)
A Canaanite bronze figurine of a smiting god with inlaid eyes. The spear in its right hand is now missing. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The uncovering of the "flight of stairs" (Hazor)
A flight of stairs leading westward from the podium was discovered underneath this volunteer only a few minutes after this photo was taken. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Canaanite Bronze Figurine (Hazor)
A Canaanite bronze figurine probably of a nobleman found in 1996. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]The "flight of stairs" (Hazor)
A flight of stairs leading westward from the podium in Area M. The stairs - like the floor and podium - are made of basalt indicating the significance of this area. Photo is taken at the end of excavations in 1995. Two more stairs leading to a pebble-paved floor were excavated in 1996. Hazor was an ancient Canaanite and Israelite city located in the north of modern day Israel. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed how important this city was in antiquity. [The Hazor Excavations]Tel Dor Harbor Archaeological Expedition
Throughout Biblical times, from the days of Solomon to the reign of Herod the Great, the harbor at Dor acted as a magnet, drawing commerce and conquerors to the Carmel coast. One of the few natural harbors on Israel`s Mediterranean coast, Dor today is one of the country`s largest archaeological sites and an important key to understanding the sequence of occupation during Biblical and later times.Aqueduct (France)
Pont du Gard, near Nîmes (Roman Nemausus), France. This aqueduct bridge, erected in 19 B.C., carried an estimated 30,000 cubic meters of water daily across the Gardon river. The entire aqueduct stretched 50 kilometers from the water source near Uzès to the Roman city of Nemausus. After crossing the Pont du Gard (at a height of 49 meters), the water passed over an additional six aqueduct bridges before reaching Nemausus. © 1995 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Castlerigg Stone Circle
Castlerigg Stone Circle, near Keswick, England. This cromlech, or stone circle, dates from the bronze age. © Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Hypocausts (Italy)
Hypocausts, Fiesole (Roman Faesulae), near Firenze, Italy. These large brick conduits, or hypocausts, carried heated air beneath the floors of this Roman bath complex in the formerly Etruscan town of Faesulae. © 1996 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]A milliarium (Roman Milestone),
Barca da Mó, near Caldas do Gerês, Portugal. This Hadrianic milestone is one of several in place along the Roman military road to Bracara Augusta (modern Braga). © 1993 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Granite obelisk, Istanbul
Granite obelisk, Istanbul (ancient Byzantium, later Constantinople), Turkey. This Egyptian obelisk of the fifteenth century B.C. pharoah Thothmes III was transported to Byzantium from Heliopolis by the emperor Theodosius in the fourth century B.C. There it was erected along the spina (the long, low wall running down the middle of a racecourse, usually decorated with monuments) of the Hippodrome of Severus (the modern Atmeidan). Later in the fourth century B.C. it was toppled by an earthquake, but Theodosius had it re-erected on the same site. Note the absence of significant weathering of the hard granite stone. © Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Aqueduct (Turkey)
Ruined aqueduct, Bergama (Greek Pergamon, Roman Pergamum) Turkey. This aqueduct, part of the complex water supply network of the Roman city of Pergamum, was destroyed by an earthquake in 262 A.D. © Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Calcium Deposits (France)
Calcium Deposits, Pont du Gard, near Nîmes (Roman Nemausus), France. These calcium deposits, precipitated from the locally hard water, accumulated in the main channel of the Roman aqueduct bridge Pont du Gard over the centuries during which it was in continuous use as part of the water supply of the Roman city of Nemausus. © 1995 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Cromlech (England)
Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, near Amesbury, England. Construction of this cromlech, or stone circle, extended from the early bronze age through later centuries. These trilithons of ``sarsen'' granite comprise the inner portion of the circle, with a ring of smaller ``bluestones'' surrounding it. © Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Marble obelisk, Istanbul
Marble obelisk, Istanbul (ancient Byzantium, later Constantinople), Turkey. This Roman obelisk was erected in Byzantium along the spina (the long, low wall running down the middle of a racecourse, usually decorated with monuments) of the Hippodrome of Severus (the modern Atmeidan) and was originally covered in bronze plates. Note the presence of significant weathering of the soft stone. © 1992 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Port (Italy) (with Roman Road)
Excavations in Classe (Roman Classis) near Ravenna, Italy. This Roman road runs beside the harbor canal of the Roman port of Classis. The canal was constructed circa 25 B.C. to join Classis, the port of the city of Ravenna, to the estuary of the river Po in an attempt to combat the continual silting up of the harbor. Formation of mudflats by silting has proceeded to such a degree that the modern coast has receded to a distance of approximately eight kilometers from the ancient harbor. © 1996 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Harbor, Efes (ancient Ephesus), near Selçuk, Turkey
Harbor, Efes (ancient Ephesus), near Selçuk, Turkey. The harbor environs of the Roman city of Ephesus, as viewed from the slopes of Mt. Pion, illustrate the silting up of what was a major Roman port. The colonnaded avenue, the Arcadiana, ends at the edge of the harbor proper, but the modern coastline has receded into the distance. The shifting delta of the river Cayster caused regular silting problems in the harbor, and major engineering efforts to combat this were documented in 60 A.D. and 129 A.D. After a series of major earthquakes in the fourth century A.D., such attempts to maintain the harbor were finally abandoned. Further silting of the habor, accompanied by development of malarial marshlands, was documented in 431, 449, and 716 A.D., and this part of the city of Ephesus was completely abandoned by the tenth century. © 1992 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Roman Water Pipes, Arles (Roman Arelate), France
A battery of these lead pipes transported a portion of the water supply of the Roman city of Arelate across the broad bed of the swift river Rhône. © 1995 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Via Domitia
Via Domitia, near Lunel (Roman Ambrussum), France. The Via Domitia, the major Roman road spanning southern France from Italy to Spain constructed 125-121 B.C., crossed the Vidourle river at the Roman town of Ambrussum. © 1995 Craig R. Bina [Images] [Archaeology]Ephesus - A Panoramic Virtual Tour
Images focusing on ancient Ephesus. HISTORICAL SITES IN TURKEY [Images] [Archaeology]Archaeology and History Attest to the Bible`s Reliability
By Richard M. Fales, Ph.D. [from the Biblical and American Archaeologist]Who was the Pharoah Akhenaten
The Heretic King (1372-1354 BC) By Richard M. Fales, Ph.D. [from the Biblical and American Archaeologist]Ark of the Covenant - Pharaoh Pillages the Temple
"Who is the Pharoah that Pillaged the Temple of Jerusalem and did he really steal the Ark of the Covenant?" By Richard M. Fales, Ph.D. [from the Biblical and American Archaeologist]The Biblical and American Archaeologist
The Biblical and American Archaeologist (BAA) exists to help people learn about archaeology as it relates to the Old and New Testament for the purpose of gaining a deeper understanding of the Scriptures. It serves to demonstrate the incredible accuracy of the Bible as an ancient document, and to create a base of fellowship for people with these interests.1st Cent. AD Shipwreck and the Lead Ingots
Josephus wrote his composition referring to Sebastosas an intact, properly operating complex, it appears that the placement and date of the wreck indicates the harbor's. The most surprising items recovered from this site are a group of lead ingots (Photo of Lead Ingots); all are of the same mold and are undoubtedly from the wrecked vessel. Two of these ingots still retain their original form and imprinted markings, including the imperial imprint on their crest, which can easily be read as: IMP.DOMIT.CAESARIS.AUG.GER. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Josephus' description of Sebastos
The historian Flavius Josephus, who was born around 7 or 8 CE, published a history of the Jewish War between 75 and 79 CE and a history of the Jewish people in 93-94 CE. Both these works contain a detailed description of the city of Caesarea and its harbour, Sebastos. Despite certain inevitable inaccuracies, the data contained in these descriptions has been of great value in assisting the reconstruction of the layout and appearance of the harbour in the Flavian period. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]A tale of King Herod, concrete and a sunken harbor
Although precisely how and when portions of the ancient harbor of Caesarea Maritima sank beneath the sea is still the subject of scholarly dispute, it is clear that the underwater ruins are a boon for maritime archeologists and historians. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Caesarea Expeditions
Various areas of excavations including underwater. includes photos and maps. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]The Dig at Bet Shean
In this area lies the 80 metre (263 feet ) high tel of Beth-shean, one of the oldest cities in Bible Lands. The remains of twenty layers of settlement have been found going back more than three thousand years B.C. [Archaeology]Egypt At The Time Of Moses
Bricks for building were made from clay and strengthened with straw; this was a manufacturing method employed in Egypt over 1,000 years before Christ. [Archaeology]The House Of David
At Tel Dan in upper Galilee in Northern Israel a fragment of an inscription on basalt stone has been uncovered. It was part of the paving near the entrance of the outer gate of the ancient city of Dan. In 1992, in order to tidy up the site for presentation to visitors, a heap of debris was removed which dated from the time of the Assyrian destruction of the city by Tiglath-pileser lll - no doubt a legacy of his campaign against northern Israel. [2 Kings 15v29] Unexpectedly, a hitherto unknown gateway to the city was uncovered. The entrance led to a courtyard where stood a low stone platform large enough to take a throne. This possibly marked the place where the king would sit on ceremonial occasions. [Archaeology]Harbor Chronology. (Caesarea)
A brief historical chronology of the harbor from primary documents by Dr. Avner Raban. [Articles of Interest] [Caesarea] [Archaeology]Ophir
`Gold from Ophir for Beth-horon 30 Shekels` is the translation of an inscription on a potsherd that was found at Tell Qasileh (near Tel Aviv). The exact location of Ophir remains a mystery, although there have been many ideas put forward by Bible students. [Archaeology]Moab
The Moabite stone was discovered in 1868. It was found in the land of Moab and was carved with an inscription. [Archaeology]Tel Mardikh
On this site of a 4,000 year old fortification, perhaps the most remarkable `find` of the century has been uncovered - 18,000 fired clay and rock tablets relating to the economy, administration and international dealings of this once great empire of Ebla. [Archaeology]Black Obelisk From Assyria
The Black Obelisk was discovered by Henry Layard in 1845 and describes the campaigns of Shalmanezer III of Assyria who reigned at about 850 B.C. [Archaeology]Hezakiah`s Aquaduct
A tunnel was constructed from the spring at Gihon - what is now called the Virgin`s Fountain - under the city walls and through the rock to the southern end of the city of Jerusalem, to the pool of Siloam. This would be a difficult feat in these days of sophisticated surveying and measuring equipment. It was even more remarkable for the times of Hezekiah, because the impending invasion meant there was very little time and gangs of workmen had to start from either end. When the tunnel was complete, the spring outside the city was blocked up and the water flowed into the city. [Archaeology]The Scrolls from the Dead Sea
Scrolls from the Dead Sea:The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship "The exhibition Scrolls From the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship brings before the American people a selection from the scrolls which have been the subject of intense public interest." [Rome] [Archaeology Resources]Scrolls from the Dead Sea:
The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship "The exhibition Scrolls From the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship brings before the American people a selection from the scrolls which have been the subject of intense public interest." [Rome] [Archaeology Resources]ArchNet
"ArchNet serves as the World Wide Web Virtual Library for Archaeology. This server provides access to archaeological resources available on the Internet. Information is categorized by geographic region and subject." [Archaeology Resources]Classics and Mediterranean Archaeology Home Page
"This server collects links to known internet resources of interest to classicists and Mediterranean archaeologists." [Archaeology Resources]Pompeii Forum Project: Home Page
"The Pompeii Forum Project is a collaborative research venture that is archaeologicaly based, heavily dependent upon advanced technology, and so conceived as to address broad issues in urban history and urban design. Evidence gathered to date challenges commonly held and widely published notions about the evolution of the forum, especially during the final years of the city's life. The goals are to provide the first systematic documentation of the architecture and decoration of the forum, to interpret evidence as it pertains to Pompeii's urban history, and to make wider contributions to both the history of urbanism and contemporary problems of urban design." [Archaeology Resources]CAD and the reconstruction of Pompeii
Using CAD for the reconstruction of the forum at Pompeii has allowed the project to study aspects of the forum that were not possible to explore without such technology. The project goal was to construct an accurate 3D model of the forum as it exists today, a model that presents not only walls and columns, but more importantly, describes the different construction phases of the forum based on John Dobbins' observation and analysis. [Archaeology Resources]WebAcropol
Provides viewers with a virtual tour of the Acropolis in Athens. [Archaeology Resources]Archaeology and Architecture
This page contains all kinds of archaeological information for European archaeology,especially the Mediterrenean. It also provides a lot of interesting links to archaeology and/or architecture related web-sites. [Archaeology Resources]Archaeological Fieldwork Server
"This service is designed to allow those seeking archaeological fieldwork opportunities to browse postings submitted by those who have them to offer." [Archaeology Resources]Simon James`s ANCIENT CELTS PAGE
"This is an experimental home page, presenting "some stuff" about the peoples referred to as Ancient Celts written from the view point of an archaeologist. [Archaeology Resources]PIB's Archaeology Page
A meta-index guide to links concerned with archaeological research in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas. [Archaeology Resources]Voice of the Shuttle: Archaeology Page
The "Voice of the Shuttle: Web Page for Humanities Research" woven by Alan Liu. A meta-index guide to archaeological resources on the web focusing on general resources, archaeological sites, projects and Musueums, historical preservation, journals, departments and programs, course syllabi and teaching resources, listservers and newsgroups, and conferences and call for papers. [Archaeology Resources]The Archaeology of Early Latium
Brief descriptions of the pre-Roman settlements at Ficana, Lavinium, and Osteria dell` Osa. [Vergil`s Aeneid: Commentary] [Archaeology Resources]Archaeological Resource Guide for Europe
Virtual Library for European Archaeology [Archaeology Resources]Spanish Excavations at Mount Testaccio
(Rome) "Mount Testaccio is an artificial hill located within the Aurelian wall of Rome.It is at the south of the modern part of the city and behind the old river port. It has a perimeter of almost one kilometer and a maximum altitude over the sea-level of 45 meters. This hill is exclusively made of the remains of millions of amphorae that arrived in Rome during the first three centuries of our era". [Archaeology Resources]The University of Arizona excavations at Lugnano
, in Teverina, Italy by Professor David Soren, University of Arizona, Photography by Noelle Soren. [Archaeology Resources]The Second Campaign of Excavations:
Chianciano Terme, Tuscany, Italy. by Professor David Soren, University of Arizona, Photography by Noelle Soren. With the help of the community of Chianciano Terme, a team from the University of Arizona has initiated excavation of an archaeological zone in the locality of central Chianciano known as Mezzomiglio. The zone was partially excavated in 1993 by Giulio Paolucci, the well known archaeologist and author of Etruscan studies from Chianciano Terme. [Archaeology Resources]A Guide to Underwater Archaeology Resources on the Internet
"This Web page began as a project for a class entitled "Internet Resources and Services" taught in the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, at the University of Texas - Austin. We chose the term "underwater" in order to include any archaeology done underwater." [Archaeology Resources]Texas A&M University Nautical Archaeology Program
Nautical archaeology, Biblical archaeology, Near East, Archery. Faculty; Fredrick Hocker [Archaeology Resources]Archaeological Excavations 1999 (Israel Foreign Ministry)
"This list of archaeological expeditions which accept volunteers is compiled by the Israel Foreign Ministry as a service to the public. The excavation details contained herein have been contributed by the individual expeditions, who bear responsibility for their contents." [Archaeology Resources]Ancient History Resources
Archaeology WebSites, Ancient History Link Pages and more. [Archaeology Resources]Roman Archaeology Field Reports
By Patrick Conway. [Archaeology Resources]Horace's Villa Project
"This Web site presents Horace's Villa near Licenza, Italy and our new project jointly undertaken there in the period 1997-2000 under the institutional sponsorship of the American Academy in Rome and the Archaeological Superintendency for Lazio of the Italian Ministry of Culture." [Archaeology Resources]Archaeological Institute of America
"The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) has been dedicated to the encouragement and support of archaeological research and publication and to the protection of the world's cultural heritage for more than a century. A non-profit cultural and educational organization chartered by the U.S. Congress, it is the oldest and largest archaeological organization in North America, with more than 10,000 members around the world." [Archaeology Resources]Learning Sites Inc.
"Digitally Reconstructed Ancient Worlds for Interactive Education and Research." [Archaeology Resources]Archaeology Resources for Education.
BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources. "People that this list may be useful to include: archaeology on the Net; educators creating an archaeology unit for Individual and Society, Science in Society, and/or History; an Educational Archaeologist looking to use multimedia and computers in her program; students looking for information about archaeology and a possible career in archaeology...the list is potentially endless." [Archaeology Resources]Janiculum Mills Excavations:
Roman water-mills on the Janiculum Hill, Rome. "At the invitation of the American Academy in Rome, and with the kind permission of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, a 5-week excavation season was undertaken in June and July 1998 to investigate the Aqua Traiana and a large Roman water-mill complex in the Academy's parking lot, on the Janiculum Hill in Rom." Courtesy of Dr Andrew Wilson [Archaeology Resources]Aerial Archaeology.
"First French site exclusively devoted to aerial archaeology as well as convergent moderns techniques. Currently without equivalent in the world, it presents texts and images with a will of information and initiation for a very large audience. From Neolithic era to Medieval, the outstanding stages of discoveries in Poitou-Charentes are illustrated by photographs of the principal times of archaeological chronology." A site by Jacques Dassié. [Archaeology Resources]The Dung File
"The Dung File consists of a list of references dealing with pollen, parasites, and plant remains in coprolites and latrine fills from archaeological and paleoenvironmental sites. Compiled and copyrighted by Alwynne B. Beaudoin. [Archaeology Resources]Capitolium.org.
"Capitolium.org, an official source of live information on the archaeological site of the Imperial Forums. Day by day, on-line visitors can follow the development of the work which is being carried out by top-level scholars of Roman antiquity". [Archaeology Resources]Internet Archaeology
"Internet Archaeology is the world's first fully refereed electronic journal for archaeology. We aim to become one of the world's archaeological journals of record and we have set ourselves the task of publishing papers of high academic standing which also try to utilise the potential of electronic publication. We wish to present the results of archaeologicalresearch in a readable manner and yet make it possible for readers to explore the data upon which conclusions are based." [Archaeology Resources]Archaeology and the Bible
Biblical archaeology as an academic discipline, does not differ from any other type of archaeology, except that it narrows the focus to the remains of the people who lived in the land of the Bible during the period it covers. [Century One Foundation Bookstore]Census Edict for Roman Egypt
This document shows a census ordered by Gaius Vibius Maximus, the Rmoan Prefectus of Egypt. GREEK TEXT (from Hunt & Edgar 1934:108), TRANSLATION by K. C. Hanson (Adapted from Hunt & Edgar). Language: Greek; Medium: papyrus; Length: 21 lines of writing; Genre: Official Edict; Date: 104 CE; Place of Discovery: Egypt Date of Discovery: ? Current Location: British Museum, London.Marriage Contract From Egypt
This Greek document shows a Marriage Contract From Egypt written in 13 BC. It mentions Caesar Augustus and a Roman Drachma.Divorce Agreement from Egypt
This Greek document shows a Marriage Contract From Egypt written in 13 BC. It mentions Caesar Augustus and a Roman Drachma.Widow's Petition Ostracon
This pottery was discovered with 8 lines of Hebrew text. Legal Petition written around the 9th""7th centuries BCE.The Pilate Inscription
The Pilate Inscription [text & interpretation] Language: Latin; Medium: limestone; Size: 82 centimeters high 65 centimeters wide; Length: 4 lines of writing; Genre: Building Dedication Dedicator: Pontius Pilate (praefect of Judea) Approximate Date: 26-37 CE; Place of Discovery: Caesarea, Israel; Date of Discovery: 1961; Current Location: Israel Museum(Jerusalem)Basic Facts Regarding the Dead Sea Scrolls
12 Basic Facts Regarding the Dead Sea Scrolls by Dr. James D. TaborThe Masada "Cave of the Skeletons"
The Masada "Cave of the Skeletons" by Dr. James D. Tabor. Deals with The Discovery, The Burial Controversy, Radiocarbon Dating, The Nicu Haas Examination, Yoram Tzafrir's Recollections, and Concluding Observations.Map of Near Eastern Sites
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute expeditions have worked in virtually every region of the Near East, excavating the remains of these ancient cultures and studying and recording their monuments. The scattering of red dots (each representing a site where the Institute has worked) on the map attests to the broad range of that involvement.Maps of the Tel Rhov Dig
[Maps] [Israel] [Archaeology]Map of Sites in Southern Syria and Palestine
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. ORIENTAL INSTITUTE MAP SERIES - LEVANT SITE MAP. This Map enlarges to 300 dpi for a great picture.Ancient Near East Site Maps
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background.Ancient Egypt - Nubia History
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Ancient Iran Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Large Ancient Iran Map
Large illustrative map. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Ancient Iraq Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Ancient Sudan and Nubia Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Ancient Syria Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Ancient Turkey Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Topographical Maps of Sites in Palestine
Topographical Maps of Israel. Inscriptions of the Land of Israel: Browse by Maps. This map goes into great detail with AUTOCAD renderings of the site, with links to inscriptions and pictures.Map of Iron Age Sites
[Archaeology] [Israel]The aquaduct outside of Ceasarea
Large Photo. [images] [Archaeology]The Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran
From K. C. Hanson's Gallery of Photos of Syria & Israel. 1QpHab: The Habakkuk Pesher (The Commentary on Habakkuk from Qumran, Cave 1).The main street in Ancient Corinth
[images] [Archaeology]The Pontius Pilate Inscription in Caesarea
Until recently, there was no contemporary evidence outside the Bible for Pilate's existence (although Tacitus, Josephus, and Philo all wrote about him). Then in 1961, Italian archaeologists excavating the theatre at Caesarea found this stone inscription of Pontius Pilate. Coins have also been found dating from Pilate's rule as governor. [Jesus] [Archaeology]The famous “Corinth Canalâ€..
The Corinth Canal links the Gulf of Corinth in the northwest with the Saronic Gulf in the southeast. The canal is 3.9 miles (6.3 km) long and has a water depth of 26 feet (8 m). Its width varies from a minimum of 69 feet (21 m) at the bottom to 82 feet (25 m) maximum at the water's surface. Before it was built, ships sailing between the Aegean and Adriatic had to circumnavigate the Peloponnese adding about 185 nautical miles to their journey. The first to decide to dig the Corinth Canal was Periander, the tyrant of Corinth (602 BCE). Such a giant project was above the technical capabilities of ancient times so Periander carried out another great project, the diolkós, a stone road, on which the ships were transferred on wheeled platforms from one sea to the other. Dimitrios Poliorkitis, king of Macedon (c. 300 BCE), was the second who tried, but his engineers insisted that if the seas where connected, the more northerly Adriatic, mistakenly thought to be higher, would flood the more southern Aegean. At the time, it was also thought that Poseidon, god of the sea, opposed joining the Aegean and the Adriatic. The same fear also stopped Julius Caesar and emperors Hadrian and Caligula. The most serious try was that of Emperor Nero (67 CE). He had 6,000 slaves for the job. He started the work himself, digging with a golden hoe, while music was played. However, he was killed before the work could be completed. [images] [Archaeology]Manumission and Bridewealth Document
Manumission and Bridewealth Document (14th cent. BCE?)TRANSLATION by K. C. Hanson (Adapted from Finkelstein 1969:546). Language: Akkadian; Medium: Clay tablet; Size: 43 centimeters long 5 centimeters wide; Length: 25 lines of writing Genre: Manumission & Marriage Contract Approximate Date: 14th cent. BCE? Place of Discovery: Ugarit acropolis, Ras Shamra, Syria Date of Discovery: 1936 Current Location: Musée National d'Alep Aleppo, Syria.Mount of Olives Ossuaries
The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, Hebrew: הר הזיתים, Har HaZeitim; Arabic: جبل الزيتون, الطور, Jebel ez-Zeitun, Jebel et-Tur, "Mount of the Summit") is a mountain ridge to the east of Jerusalem. It is named from the olive trees with which its sides are clothed. At the foot of the mountain is the Gardens of Gethsemane where Jesus stayed in Jerusalem, according to tradition. The Mount of Olives is the site of many important Biblical events. [images] [Archaeology]Ishtar Gate Inscription
Dedicatory Inscription on the Ishtar Gate, Babylon; TRANSLATION (Adapted from Marzahn 1995:29-30)Language: Akkadian Medium: glazed brick Size: c. 15 meters high c. 10 meters wide Length: 60 lines of writing Genre: Dedication Inscription Dedicator: Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylonia (reigned 605""562 BCE) Approximate Date: 600 BCE Place of Discovery: Babylon (near modern Baghdad, Iraq) Date of Excavation: 1899""1914 Current Location: Pergamon Museen (Berlin, Germany)The AMPHORAS Project
This site contains information on plain, unglazed, ceramic storage containers used to carry wine, oil, fish, and other commodities around the ancient Mediterranean. AMPHORAS is making available part of the archive collected by Virginia R. Grace at the excavations of the Agora at Athens, as well as some additional materials. Included are: "- A bibliography of scholarly work on finding, identifying, and studying Greek and Roman amphoras and the trade they carried "- Passages in ancient Greek literature on the use of amphoras (quoted in English). "- Translations into English of works (or parts of works) published in Russian on amphoras "- Links to other Web sites with amphora information and/or images (excavations, wrecks, etc) and other sources of bibliography "- Searches of the bibliography files and the text of other files.The Ancient City of Athens
THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece). It is intended primarily as a resource for students of classical art & archaeology, civilization, languages, and history at Indiana University as a supplement to their class lectures and reading assignments and as a source of images for use in term papers, projects, and presentations. We also hope that this site will be useful to all who have an interest in archaeological exploration and the recovery, interpretation, and preservation of the past.Palace of Darius
PERSEPOLIS AND ANCIENT IRAN, Multiple images (with high resolution photos)Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/PA/IRAN/PAAI/PAAI_Palace_Darius.html
Cuneiform Tablets
PERSEPOLIS AND ANCIENT IRAN, Multiple images (with high resolution photos)Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
http://www-oi.uchicago.edu
