Ancient Egypt
Egypt: Daily Life
Ancient Egypt was a narrow strip of land along the Nile River. Each year the river flooded its banks, leaving behind a fertile fringe of soil they called "the Black Land," while the desert all around the Nile valley was called "the Red Land." It was here the Ancient Egyptians built their homes. The people of ancient Egypt highly valued family life. They treasured children and regarded them as a great blessing. In the lower class families, the mother raised the children. The wealthy and nobility, had slaves and servants that helped take care of the children by attending to their daily needs. If a couple had no children, they would pray to the gods and goddesses for help. They would also place letters at the tombs of dead relatives asking them to use their influence with the gods. Magic was also used as an attempt to have children. In event that a couple still could not conceive a child, adoption was also an option.Life in Ancient Egypt for Kids
Just as in the modern world, in ancient Egypt life was very different for people, depending on their wealth. For example, kings and high officials in ancient Egypt lived entirely differently than poor workers. Ancient Egypt has always fascinated people, because of the way that they lived more so than the way that they died. Ancient Egyptians were also devoted to their families, which were apparent in the activities that they enjoyed with friends, music, parties, swimming, fishing, hunting, sailing, and especially their children.Ancient Egyptian Society and Family Life
The nuclear family was the core of Egyptian society and many of the gods were even arranged into such groupings. There was tremendous pride in one's family, and lineage was traced through both the mother's and father's lines. Respect for one's parents was a cornerstone of morality, and the most fundamental duty of the eldest son (or occasionally daughter) was to care for his parents in their last days and to ensure that they received a proper burial. Countless genealogical lists indicate how important family ties were, yet Egyptian kinship terms lacked specific words to identify blood relatives beyond the nuclear family. For example, the word used to designate "mother" was also used for "grandmother," and the word for "father" was the same as "grandfather"; likewise, the terms for "son," "grandson," and "nephew" (or "daughter," "granddaughter," and "niece") were identical. "Uncle" and "brother" (or "sister" and "aunt") were also designated by the same word. To make matters even more confusing for modern scholars, the term "sister" was often used for "wife," perhaps an indication of the strength of the bond between spouses.Family Structure in Ancient Egypt
It is important to assert that much of the archaeological reference to family structure in Ancient Egypt reflects the life of well-to-do families. It it is fair, however, to assume that many of the habits and customs we find in text, documents, paintings and sculpture of Ancient Egypt can also be applied to the working classes. A typical family structure in Ancient Egypt would be similar to what we find in today's Egypt, with the father as husband and head of household responsible for the economic well-being of the family. In ancient times, upper-class men earned their living as priests or government officials, while men of lower classes worked as farmers, hunters, artists, sculptors, potters or other craftsmen. It was possible to rise in social rank through the army or by learning to read and write and becoming a scribe.A Kid in Ancient Egypt
They owned dolls with real hair knotted into the heads, they played ball and stick games, they ran around naked until puberty, and imitated their mothers and fathers at their work at home or in the field. These are the children of ancient Egypt. Although they were kids like kids of every age and place, we have discovered some very intriguing things about the lives of ancient Egyptian children. First, you were considered fortunate to be born and survive to age one in ancient Egypt. Many women died in childbirth and many infants died within days, weeks and months after birth from infections and other diseases. To protect herself and her newborn child, an ancient Egyptian mother may have kept protective deities in her homes, such as Bastet""the cat goddess of fertility. She also wore special amulets, such as the Eye of Horus, to ward off evil spirits.The Manners & Customs of Ancient Egyptians
Full Text of "The Manners & Customs of Ancient Egyptians" by Sir J. Gardner WilkinsonLife in Ancient Egypt: Daily Life
To understand the everyday life of ancient Egyptians, archaeologists draw on many sources. The most valuable sources include tomb paintings, reliefs, and the objects included in tombs that the Egyptians used in their daily life. Artifacts from the few towns that have been excavated and hundreds of documents written by the ancient Egyptians shed additional light on their life. Much of the day-to-day running of their households, however, remains obscure.Life in Ancient Egypt: Funerary Customs
Much of our knowledge about ancient Egyptian culture comes from archaeological evidence uncovered in tombs. Objects, inscriptions, and paintings from tombs have led Egyptologists to conclude that what appeared to be a preoccupation with death was in actuality an overwhelming desire to secure and perpetuate in the afterlife the "good life" enjoyed on earth.Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt
Too often 'ancient Egypt' is treated in general books as a monolithic block, nowhere more so than in coverage of funerary archaeology. There is no such phenomenon as 'the ancient Egyptian burial' as a general type: burial customs evolved continuously throughout Egyptian history. Studying the developments allows us to separate the history of these customs into broad periods:Egyptian Customs
Article written by Herodotus, The Histories 2. 35-36. About Egypt I shall have a great deal to relate because of the number of remarkable things which the country contains, and because of the fact that more monuments which beggar description are to be found there than anywhere else in the world. That is reason enough for my dwelling on it at greater length. Not only is the Egyptian climate peculiar to their country, and the Nile different in its behavior from other rivers elsewhere, but the Egyptians themselves in their manners and customs seem to have reversed the ordinary practices of mankind.Ancient Egypt: Burial Customs
The Egyptians believed that each person had a ba, or soul, and a ka, an invisible twin of the deceased person, which were released from the body after death. The ba visited family and friends and the ka traveled back and forth from the body to the underworld. In order for a person to live on forever, the ba and the ka had to be able to recognize the body when they returned to it every night. The process of mummification was a crucial practice for the ancient Egyptians as it ensured the survival of a person's remains, thus promising eternal life.Ancient Egypt: Education and Learning
In Ancient Egypt the child's world was not as clearly separated from the adult's as it tends to be in modern Western society. As the years went by childish pastimes would give way to imitations of grown-up behavior. Children would more and more frequently be found lending a hand with the less onerous tasks and gradually acquiring practical skills and knowledge from their elders. By precept and example, parents would instill into them various educational principles, moral attitudes and views of life. Thus from a tender age they would receive their basic education in the bosom of the family. For girls, this was usually all the schooling they would get, but for boys it would be supplemented by proper training in whatever line they chose, or was chosen for them.Ancient Egypt: Domestic Trade
In a society where most of the population made a living from agriculture and surpluses were small, trade was limited. The needs of the farming population were basic: grain for baking bread and brewing beer, dried fish, vegetables, some linen for a simple loincloth and mud bricks for a hut. Food and flax they could grow themselves. Mud was found at the nearby river bank. And sometimes there was a surplus which could be exchanged for little luxuries. Trade was done by barter, a reasonably efficient method when mostly basic necessities were exchanged. Even after coined money was introduced in the second half of the first millennium BCE, barter continued to be widespread among the farming population for centuries.Education in Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, parents would instill in their children various educational principles, moral attitudes, and views of life from a tender age. They would receive their basic education in the bosom of the family. This was about all of the schooling that girls would get; for boys it would be supplemented by proper training in whatever line they chose, or was chosen for them. Ancient Egyptian education covered both the general upbringing of a child and their training for a particular vocation.Childbirth and Childcare in Ancient Egypt
By Marie Parsons, Children were considered a blessing in ancient Egypt. Sons and daughters took care of their parents in their old age. They were often called "the staff of old age," that is, one upon whom the elderly parents could depend upon for support and care. The scribe Ani instructed that children repay the devotion of Egyptian mothers: "Repay your mother for all her care. Give her as much bread as she needs, and carry her as she carried you, for you were a heavy burden to her. When you were finally born, she still carried you on her neck and for three years she suckled you and kept you clean."Aspects of Life in Ancient Egypt
One of the most astonishing facts about Egypt is how little everyday life changed over the millennia. The rhythm of Egyptian life was the rhythm of the Nile until a few years ago, when the Aswan dam was erected. Even today one can find the ancient shadoof, oxen pulling ploughs and houses made of mud bricks. The gods are gone, so are the pharaohs, the language and the writing. The cities look European in a ramshackle sort of way, transportation is partly 20th century, there's some industry, and radio and television are everywhere. But villages in the farther off corners of the country must still look very much like those of thousands of years ago.Medicine and Health Care in Ancient Egypt
External injuries like wounds and fractures were often obvious. The Egyptian concept of the human body was seen as a series of interconnecting canals, likened to the Nile and its tributaries, in which air, blood, urine, faeces and semen flowed. They therefore believed that the precondition of good health was the free flow of these canals, and that illness and ailments were the result of a blocked canal. Internal ailments were usually attributed to the influences of the gods, who could be malevolent or benevolent, sometimes sending down a sickness as a punishment to the wrongdoer.Ancient Egyptian Medicine
If you had to be ill in ancient times, the best place to do so would probably have been Egypt. Not that it would have been much fun. Unlike the injuries received through accidents or fighting which were dealt with by the zwn.w (sunu) [37], or scorpion stings and snake bites for which the xrp srqt (kherep serqet) [37], the exorcist of Serqet, knew the appropriate spells and remedies, illnesses and their causes were mysterious. The Egyptians explained them as the work of the gods, caused by the presence of evil spirits or their poisons, and cleansing the body was the way to rid the body of their influence. Incantations, prayers to the gods - above all to Sekhmet [9] the goddess of healing, curses, and threats, often accompanied by the injection of nasty smelling and tasting medicines into the various bodily orifices, were hoped to prove effective.Ancient Egypt Medical Care
The Life of Ancient Egyptians. For Every Malady a Cure. Of all the branches of science pursued in ancient Egypt, none achieved such popularity as medicine. Homer put it aptly in the Odyssey (IV, 229-232): That fecund land brings forth abundant herbs, Some baneful, and some curative when duly mixed. There, every man's a doctor; every man Knows better than all others how to treat All manner of disease ...Houses of Ancient Egypt
The Egyptians lived in houses made of bricks. The bricks were made of mud and chopped straw. They mixed the mud and straw and then poured the mixture into molds. The molds were placed in the sun to bake into hard bricks. Some of the tools used to make homes were the T-square which was used for measuring angles. They also had a mallet, which is a type of big hammer. Of course, they had the brick molds to make bricks. They had plumb lines which they used to make sure the houses were built straight and level.Ancient Egypt Houses
According to Diodorus Siculus' somewhat speculative report the first Egyptian dwellings were constructed of reeds, a building technique not completely abandoned by the first century BCE: Traces thereof remain among the herdsmen of Egypt who, to these days, do not have habitations but they are made of reeds, which they consider to be sufficient. He explained the fact that Egyptian housing was made of perishable materials in his Historical Library as follows: The inhabitants think little of life on earth; while they put greatest value on the continued existence in glorious memory after death. They call the dwellings of the living 'hostels' given that we dwell in them for a short time only. The tombs of the dead they call 'eternal homes' as they assume their eternal continuation in the underworld. This is the reason they invest little effort in the building of houses; but are eager to furnish their tombs with unsurpassable equipment.Egyptian Papyrus Boat
Egyptian ship made of papyrus is one of the ancient in the world. Firstly it represented itself only a papyrus raft and to about 3500 year B.C. it became already a real ship. The ship was used only for navigation on the river Nile. Her bow and her stern were raised specially to pull her across shallows. But foreseeing the possibility to raise the bow and the stern higher with the help of ropes, Egyptians started their voyages at sea. The known expeditions of Tour Heyerdal on the papyrus rafts Ra-1 (1969) and Ra-2 (1970) showed that papyrus could stand two months of seafaring. Of course, Ra-1 had sunk earlier but it was due to great roughness at sea and the fault of the crew who did not pull the rigging steering the curve of the stern. On Ra-2 the stern was raised sufficiently from the very beginning of the seafaring. Ra-2 departed ÑÀÃ"È and in two months she reached Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados. Constructively Ra-2 was made of short papyrus bundles as they saturated less water. Bolivian Indians from the lake of Titikaka built Ra-2. From ancient times up to nowadays they navigate on such cane vessels calling them 'totorus'.Barques, Barges and Byblos Boats
By Anita Stratos. The ancient Egyptians once again reached out of the past to awe the world with another of their buried secrets - the Abydos ships. In 1991 in the desert near the temple of Khentyamentiu, archaeologists uncovered the remains of 14 ships dating back to the early first dynasty (2950-2775 BC), possibly associated with King Aha, the first ruler of that dynasty. These 75 foot long ships are buried side by side and have wooden hulls, rough stone boulders which were used as anchors, and "sewn" wooden planks. Also found within their desert graves were remains of the woven straps that joined the planks, as well as reed bundles that were used to seal seams between planks. The Abydos ships have the honor of being the world's oldest planked boats.Phoenician War Galley
Maritime History/ Ancient Mesopotamian Ships/ Phoenician War Galley This 19th century print depicts a Phoenician bireme, a war galley with two banks of oars, battering ram, and single mast. Deck, passengers and pavisade were above the rowers. This design was also favored by early Greek and Tyrian galleys. The bireme introduced by the Phoenicians c. 800 BC became the leading warship of the Mediterranean world in the centuries to follow. Notwithstanding this depiction, these vessels became very large in later centuries. B.C.Abydos Royal Boats
After 5,000 year voyage, world's oldest built boats deliver. Archeologists' first look confirms existence of earliest royal boats at Abydos by Richard Pierce. A fleet of the oldest built wooden boats in the world, located in the desert sands of Abydos, Egypt "" more than eight miles from the river Nile "" are painstakingly being excavated by archeologists. The work is revealing remarkable new evidence about the wealth, power and technological prowess of the earliest days of Egyptian civilization. The work is being conducted under the authority of Egypt's Minister of Culture, Dr. Farouk Hosni, and the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Dr. Gaballa Ali Gaballa.Cheops Ships
In 1954 two intact Egyptian ships were found at the foot of the Great Pyramid. Around 2600 BC, during the Old Kingdom, the two planked ships were dismantled and buried in two pits, just outside the great pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu). Each pit is 30 m long, carved in the rock and covered with a lid of large stone blocks.Cheops Ship Details
Cheops 1 is 42 m long. The hull is flat- or slightly round-bottomed, built "shell first" with cedar-wood planks joined edge to edge by "mortise-and-tenon" fashion and fixed together with rope. It has 10 oars but no mast or sail. The ship is papyriform, imitating a papyrus boat, with the bow and stern ends formed as papyrus bundles.Cairo Dashur Boats
Digital ExhibitCairo Dashur Boats
Digital Exhibit. The Dashur Boats of The Egyptian Museum Cairo. Combined Image GalleryAncient Egypt: Ships and Boats
The slow flowing Nile was ideal for transportation and from earliest times Egyptians built boats for transportation, fishing and enjoyment. Their importance in everyday life is reflected in the role they played in mythology and religion. Little is left of actual boats. Remains of Old Kingdom boats were found at Tarkhan and Abydos, and King Khufu's ship is well known and demonstrates best how ships were built during that period.Ancient Egyptian Boats
Egyptians pioneered the development of river craft and there were many different types built for various uses. Agricultural produce, troops, cattle, stone and funeral processions were all carried on the Nile and its canals. These boats were made of bundles of bound papyrus reeds. Papyrus is different from paper because papyrus is a laminated material made from thinly cut strips from the stalk of Cyprus Papyrus plant. It was believed to be first used about 4000 B.C., and became Egypt's major exports.Egyptian Ships in Ancient Egypt
Ancient Ships in Art History: Egyptian Ships in Ancient Egypt and Egptian Art Hapshetsut's Expedition to Punt The record of ancient seafaring and trade as recorded in Egyptian art at Queen Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri Circa 1480 BCE. Hatshepsut is well known for her ambitious building projects in Egypt particularly the erection of several Obelisks' at Karnack and her funerary Temple at Deir el-Bahri. In her time Hatshepsut was a model of feminine mystic, power and political acumen. Her accomplishments in ancient Egypt rank well when compared with , Queen Ferdinand of Spain, Queen Elizabeth 1 of England and Catherine the Great of Russia. After examining the contribution she made to the new Kingdom, historians generally agree this person was one of the greatest contributors to Egypt's ancient legacy in world history. Hatshepsut's character and personal history is another story, this page is dedicated to her expedition to Punt. This expedition is an indicator of her leadership and skill in motivating and governing the Egyptian society of her time to high achievement... The story of Hatshepsut's expedition to punt is recorded for posterity in the Egyptian art on the wall of her memorial temple.Egyptian Galleons in Ancient Egypt
Ancient Ships in Art History: Egyptian Galleons in Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Art This ship is typical of the vessels used during the reign of Pharaoh Sahure over 4500 years ago in Egyptian history. During this time Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense such as Myrrh and frankincense, gold, copper and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for cedar and traveled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt, which is modern day Ethiopia and Somalia for ebony, ivory and aromatic resins. Ship builders of that era did not use pegs (treenails) or metal fasteners, but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together...The Ancient Egyptian Navy
By Troy Fox. The use of river vessels and ships in Egyptian warfare is as old as conflict in Egypt itself, though probably at first there was little capability for sea travel. The Nile was always the principal means of transport in Egypt, and the sailing and construction of boats can be traced back to the papyrus rafts of the Predynastic Period. Boats (see also Bargues, Barges and Byblos Boats) were commonly depicted in red paint on the buff colored pottery of the Naqada II Period.World's Oldest Ship Found in Egypt
Remains of World's Oldest Ship Found in Egypt By Heather Whipps, Special to LiveScience. Excavations at an ancient Egyptian shipyard have unearthed remains of the world's oldest seafaring ships. The 4,000-year-old timbers were found alongside equally ancient cargo boxes, anchors, coils of rope and other naval materials just as old, at what archaeologists are calling a kind of ancient military administration site.Egyptian Sea Vessel Artifacts
Archaeology News "" Egyptian Sea Vessel Artifacts Discovered At Pharaonic Port of Mersa Gawasis Along Red Sea Coast. Discovery includes steering oars, other evidence of Egypt's sea-faring past. (Boston) -- When Kathryn Bard reached through the small hole that opened in a hillside along Egypt's Red Sea coast, her hand touched nearly 4,000 years of history. The opening that Bard, an associate professor of archaeology at Boston University, and her team's co-leader Rodolfo Fattovich, a professor of archaeology at Italy's University of Naples "L'Orientale," discovered was the entrance to a large, man-made cave. Two days later at a site about 30 meters beyond this cave, the team removed sand covering the entrance to a second cave, one that held the well-preserved cedar timbers of an ancient Egyptian sea-faring vessel.World's Most Ancient Ship Timbers Found in Egypt
UsaToday.com World's Most Ancient Ship Timbers Found in Egypt Ship timbers from a mothballed Middle Kingdom industrial shipyard at Wadi Gawasis in Egypt provide the most ancient direct evidence for seafaring in complex watercraft anywhere in the world. In addition to marine incrustations and destruction by marine mollusks (shipworms), the technology and dimensions of hull components are consistent with what is expected of seagoing ships in the Middle Kingdom and offer unique testimony to the organization and achievement of the ancient Egyptian's sailing expeditions to Africa.Ancient Egypt: Early Ship Construction
Khufu's Solar Boat. In modern ship construction a skeleton is built first which is then covered with a skin. During the Old and Middle Kingdoms ships were built from the outside in. This way of doing things was mostly due to a lack of timber suitable for keels, but continued for centuries after they began importing cedar wood from Byblos which was long enough for keels. Mortises were cut into the planks into which wooden tenons were inserted. The V-shaped holes did not penetrate the outer surface.Ancient Egypt: Solar Ships and Funerary Boats
Mythology, Funerary Boats and Religious CeremoniesThe Egyptian Mastery of Ships
Rediscover Ancient Egypt: The Egyptian Mastery of Ships Transferring people, minerals, and goods between Ancient Egypt and other faraway places was much more extensive and common than is generally imagined. The seas were not barriers, but high roads for active international commerce. Traveling by water has been (and continues to be) the most effective, economical, and safest way to travel for both people and goods. Travel by land complements travel by water for major/large goods. The Ancient Egyptians had the means to travel the high seas""with a large number of high quality ships. They also had the geographic knowledge to travel the open seas. The evidence shows that their means and knowledge enabled them to reach the farthest countries of the earth. The following pages will detail the wealth of high quality ships and the Ancient Egyptian knowledge of high seas travel.Shipbuilding in Ancient Egypt
Eternal Egypt "" Shipbuilding in Ancient Egypt Beginning in the Old Kingdom, numerous reliefs and paintings depict shipbuilding. The most distinguished of them is found in Saqqara in the mastaba of the official Ti from the Fifth Dynasty. Workers are shown lopping the trunk of a tree with axes and smoothing it with an adze, an axlike tool with a curved blade at right angles to the handle. One man is sawing a log, perhaps a deck beam, while two other men with chisels and clubs are cutting holes for pegs in a plank. On one of the hulls, a plank, probably the bulwark, is being fastened. At least seven pegs can be counted in the gap between the plank and the side of the ship.http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&story_id=&module_id=199&language_id=1
Seagoing Vessels of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egpt: Seagoing Vessels - Warships and Merchant Men Keelless seagoing vessels like this one from the time of King Sahure (2500 BCE) traded with the Phoenician cities, importing cedar wood and other merchandise, and were sent as the first Egyptian trade expedition to the Land of Punt. The bipedal mast carried a vertical sail. It was steered by six oars and had sixteen rowing oars. The bow was decorated with an eye. A rock served as anchor [1]. Being rounded its action was solely based on its weight and the friction created when dragging over the bottom of the sea. When winds were strong it was mostly useless and the seamen were forced to seek shelter in the lee of some land or even beach the vessel.Thanks: Publix weekly ad, Kroger weekly ad, aldi ad, Walgreens weekly ad
Ships and Boats of Egypt
By Marie Parsons. When men live by water, whether marsh, river, or sea, they eventually discover ways to build vehicles to move across that water. Egypt's life has always turned around its River, the Nile, and its marshes in the Delta.The cheapest form of primitive boat was the pot boat, simply a clay container large enough to accommodate a passenger. It was meant for places free of rocks and was ideal for getting around the marshy areas of the Nile delta. Egypt was fairly treeless and it would be difficult to find other means of building boats. The Egyptians did find enough wood to make planked boats. There is evidence that the Old Kingdom of Egypt had the first planked boats ever made. These were used even in burial rituals. Fourteen have recently been found buried in the region of Abydos.Ancient Egyptian Ships and Shipping
JSTOR: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Shipping By William Edgerton. University of Chicago. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jan., 1923), pp. 109-135 (article consists of 27 pages) Structurally speaking all boats known to have been employed by the Ancient Egyptians may be divided into two classes: reed boats and boats build by wooden planks.Eternal Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Nile Boats
Boats and ships were very important means of transport on the River Nile. Egyptians traveled within the country and to the Sudan and to other African countries to bring back animals such as lions, elephants, leopards, baboons, and cattle. They also imported exotic products such as leather, gold, ivory, ebony, electrum, ostrich feathers, and incense. Electrum is a natural alloy of gold and silver. When traveling to the south, or upstream, sails were required but on the way north, or downstream, the masts were not needed and were placed horizontally on board.http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=144&language_id=1&story_id=17&text=text
The Ptolemaic Navy
Eternal Egypt "" The Ptolemaic Navy The Ptolemies intended to rule the Mediterranean Sea to ensure the safety of Egypt's northern shores. This was achieved by building a powerful fleet of ships. Their navy was one of the cornerstones of the empire, protecting Egypt and guaranteeing its political and economic independence. King Ptolemy the First Soter was the founder of this massive sea force and it continued to grow under his successors. He was so dedicated to the development of his naval fleet that his contemporaries called him "the Prince of Ships." http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=271&language_id=1&story_id=17&text=textAncient Egyptians Boat
By Dr. Sherin ElKhawaga. Egyptians pioneered the development of river craft and there were many different types built for various uses. Agricultural produce, troops, cattle, stone and funeral processions were all carried on the Nile and its canals. These boats were made of bundles of bound papyrus reeds. Papyrus is different from paper because papyrus is a laminated material made from thinly cut strips from the stalk of Cyprus Papyrus plant. It was believed to be first used about 4000 B.C., and became Egypt's major exports.Amarna Period State Ship
The state ship of an Egyptian magnate of the time of Tutankhamun. Essentially a large and gaily decorated version of the standard Nile passenger vessel, the state ship of Huy, Viceroy of Nubia in 1360 B.C., is provided with quarters (forward of the deckhouse) for his chariot horses. Traditional scenes of the god Montu smiting the king's foreign enemies decorate the overhanging stern and the fore and after "castles", partly to frighten away evil influences. A falcon standard serves the function of identifying the ship as the viceroy's.A Warship of Ramesses III Fleet
A seagoing warship of Ramesses III's fleet. A temple wall at Thebes shows us such ships in a naval battle with a fleet of the "Peoples of the Sea", a wave of migrating nations that appeared in the eastern Mediterranean about 1200 B.C. The ship is provided with high hoardings on the bulwarks to protect rowers and marines from missiles. The steering oars seem to be of the free-swinging type seen in the Phoenician trader. The great advance, however, is in the rig. Here for the first time we see the labour-saving single-yard sail with brails (lines running through rings on the sail and handled from the deck to furl the sail), which became the standard Mediterranean, and later European, type of sail and lasted until the coming of steam.Thanks: Publix weekly ad, Kroger weekly ad, aldi ad, Walgreens weekly ad
A Typical Byblos Ship
A seagoing ship of the Fifth Dynasty. The seagoing craft of the Egyptians differed markedly from their river craft. The vessel here shown under oars belonged to a royal fleet the hogging truss that seems to have been characteristic of Egyptian seagoing craft. The stem-post at the bow reflects the foreign origin of the prototype, whereas the stern-post has been Egyptianized in the form of the head of a papyrus plant. Although referred to in the accompanying inscriptions as "Byblos-ships", the five vessels were in fact part of an expedition sailing the Red Sea to Punt, the modern Somaliland. The rig differs in no way from the standard form in use in Nile ships of the day.A Freighter of the 6th Dynasty - 2200 BC
A Freighter of the late Sixth Dynasty (ca 2200 B.C.)The vessel pictured here was the common bulk-cargo carrier of the Nile in late Old Kingdom times. In its capacious open bunker on deck, grain could be carried loose or cattle could be stalled. A few pairs of oars on the foredeck served to manoeuvre the ship into shore or to supplement the current when the ship was travelling downstream; the usual wide square sail, spread to the prevailing north wind, would carry it upstream against the current. A pair of rudder stanchions, now permanently fixed, supported a single steering oar, hung to port or to starboard as the ship's course dictated.Queen Hatshepsut's Trading Vessel
A seagoing ship of the Empire Period. One of a fleet of five ships represented in a scene in the temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri (ca 1500 B.C.), this vessel shows clearly the hogging truss that seems to have been characteristic of Egyptian seagoing craft. The stem-post at the bow reflects the foreign origin of the prototype, whereas the stern-post has been Egyptianized in the form of the head of a papyrus plant. Although referred to in the accompanying inscriptions as "Byblos-ships", the five vessels were in fact part of an expedition sailing the Red Sea to Punt, the modern Somaliland. The rig differs in no way from the standard form in use in Nile ships of the day.Queen Hatshepsut's Trading Vessel
A seagoing ship of the Empire Period. One of a fleet of five ships represented in a scene in the temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri (ca 1500 B.C.), this vessel shows clearly the hogging truss that seems to have been characteristic of Egyptian seagoing craft. The stem-post at the bow reflects the foreign origin of the prototype, whereas the stern-post has been Egyptianized in the form of the head of a papyrus plant. Although referred to in the accompanying inscriptions as "Byblos-ships", the five vessels were in fact part of an expedition sailing the Red Sea to Punt, the modern Somaliland. The rig differs in no way from the standard form in use in Nile ships of the day.Ancient Egypt: Solar Ships and Funerary Boats
Mythology, Funerary Boats and Religious CeremoniesThe Ancient Egyptian Navy
Predynastic through Middle Kingdom. The use of river vessels and ships in Egyptian warfare is as old as conflict in Egypt itself, though probably at first there was little capability for sea travel. The Nile was always the principal means of transport in Egypt, and the sailing and construction of boats can be traced back to the papyrus rafts of the Predynastic Period. Boats (see also Bargues, Barges and Byblos Boats) were commonly depicted in red paint on the buff colored pottery of the Naqada II Period.The Barge of Pharaoh Khufu
The state barge of King Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty. Based on the preserved Nile barge found beside the Great Pyramid and a relief representation from the Fifth Dynasty temple of Sahure, this reconstruction shows a royal state ship of the type known to the Egyptians as a dwa-towy (that which the Two Lands praise). The Great Pyramid example, which was built for King Khufu about 2570 B.C., measured 43.4 m in length. It has here been reconstructed with the double mast and sail (see drawing below) that it probably normally used, although they were not found in the burial pit. In such a vessel the Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom made their official visits to the provinces.A Noble's Yacht of the Middle Kingdom
A nobleman's personal ship of the Middle Kingdom. Known from well-made funerary models, as well as from tomb wall-pictures, such vessels were used in the Middle Kingdom (2040- 1786 B.C.) to transport potentates and their bodyguards. The oars of the period are characteristically scoop-shaped and sometimes mounted on outswerving wooden thole-pins of the kind shown here. The bull-hide shields hung on the deckhouse are a testimony to the warlike times. The rig remains unchanged from that of the late Old Kingdom, but the single steering oar is now placed exactly amidships and sometimes worked by a tiller stick held in the helmsman's hand.A Nile ship of the Sixth Dynasty
A Ship of 6th Dynasty. Before the middle of the Sixth Dynasty the bipod mast had generally disappeared in favour of a single stick of lesser height. Better designed to carry the wider, lower sail that had been evolving. The lower yard, slightly longer than the upper, is now fixed to the mast well above the deck, and clearly is capable of a wider arc of swing than the old short yard, which lay at or near deck level. The heavy single steering oar with its tiller is supported on a stanchion by a rope sling, to relieve the helmsman of its weight. The vessel shown here, from a tomb painting at Thebes of about 2259 B.C., was apparently primarily a passenger vessel. The patterned sail was probably made of heavy matting, a cheaper substitute for the usual canvas.The Barge of the God Amun
The ceremonial barge of the god Amun. Among the many annual festivals in honour of the state god Amun, king of the gods, were some in which the god - in the form of his image - was ferried on the river at Thebes, the god's own city. For the purpose, a gorgeous barge of royal type was used; it was built of Lebanon cedar and overlaid down to the waterline with gold. This barge was named Amun-woser-het (Amun is powerful of aspect). The ship is shown here as it appeared in the reign of King Amunhotep III (1417 - 1379 B.C.) of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Inside the shrine-shaped cabin of the fifty-metre-long vessel stood a smaller, portable, gilded boat in whose cabin the god's statue rested, protected from vulgar gaze by a veil.Queen Hatshepsut's State Barge
A state barge of Queen Hatshepsut. Carved on the walls of Queen Hatshepsut's funerary temple at Deir el-Bahri, opposite modern Luxor, are several representations of Egyptian fleets... One scene shows a group of state barges being rowed on the Nile; one of the barges is pictured here. The hull is of a traditional style resembling that of the dwa-towy ship of King Khufu. The cheeks of the bow bear the sacred eye of Horus, a sphinx standard indicates that the ship belongs to the royal fleet, and a light pavilion, standing amid- ships, shelters the royal passenger and her attendants. When the queen is not actually on board, as is the case here, a ceremonial fan lying on a throne symbolizes her potent presence.Ancient Egypt: River Boats
Fishing Boats, Transportation Barges and Pleasure Boats. While some Egyptians thought fish to be unclean, dried fish were nevertheless a staple food for most of the population. Reed rafts served for fishing. Nets and weir baskets were made from willow branches. The Nile didn't just feed the Egyptians, it was both an obstacle and the main highway. Too wide to be bridged, there must have been a great many ferryboats carrying people and wares from one shore to the other. If you wanted to go anywhere, going by river would generally have been a good choice. We tend to forget that, until the invention of the steam engine, travelling by ship was generally faster and cheaper than any other kind of locomotionEgyptian Royal Barge (replica)
There were many different types of boats such as the warship. The warship was a boat that was steered by a large bladed oar in the stern; it usually had a wooden hull, cloth sail and rigging of papyrus fiber. This ship needed about 250 soldiers. Another type of boat carried the dead to the afterlife. Also boats were used to ship things to different places. The early boats were made from papyrus reeds bound together with string made from reed fibers. Most Egyptians used ferries to cross the Nile. Noblemen used grand boats for business and pleasure. The sun boat was used to carry the sun god Rah on his daily journey from one side of the world to the other. Huge river barges towed by a fleet of small boats carrying heavy cargo such as stones were called cargo boats. Egyptian farmers used flat deck wide boats to transport animals. These boats were called cattle boats. Huge canopy boats for the pharaoh were called royal boats. Without boats the Egyptians would not have been able to travel from place to place getting valuable items.Maps of Ancient Egypt
Excellent thumbnails of maps.The Evolution of Warfare
Egypt was considered to be the most peaceful country in the ancient world. Its natural boundaries (the First Cataract on the Nile at Aswan, the deserts east and west of the Nile Valley, and the Mediterranean coast to the north) provided plenty of protection from outsiders, and Egyptians themselves were not a society of invaders or conquerors. Therefore, the country didn't consider the need for a professional army "" until the invasion of the Hyksos during the 15th Dynasty in the Second Intermediate Period.The Armed Forces of Ancient Egypt
Until the takeover of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, most conflicts the Egyptians had fought had been civil wars, where mainly armies of conscripted peasants and artisans led by noblemen opposed each other, or relatively short campaigns south into Nubia extending the southern borders of the realm, or east and west into the desert regions.The Ancient Egyptian Navy
Predynastic through Middle Kingdom. The use of river vessels and ships in Egyptian warfare is as old as conflict in Egypt itself, though probably at first there was little capability for sea travel. The Nile was always the principal means of transport in Egypt, and the sailing and construction of boats can be traced back to the papyrus rafts of the Predynastic Period. Boats (see also Bargues, Barges and Byblos Boats) were commonly depicted in red paint on the buff colored pottery of the Naqada II Period.The Egypian Army In History
The most prominent development added to the ancient Egyptian army was the use of the war wheels, the weapon that was taken from "Heksos" but highly developed and used by Egyptians to the extent that they started to breed horses, an animal that was not very common in Egypt, and modified the designs of the war wheels. It was mentioned, that the Egyptian army under the command of "Tohotmos the third" captured 24 war wheels and 2238 horses in the well-known battle of "Magedo".Egyptian Monuments
Descriptions and photographs of the ancient Egyptian monumentsAncient Egyptian Monuments - The Pyramids
The Pyramids of Giza are the oldest and only remaining monuments of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. These massive structures were created as tombs for the rulers of the Old Kingdom . Even after more than four thousand years of exposure and weathering, the Pyramids of Giza stand as awe-inspiring monuments to the genius and creativity of a long-dead culture.The pyramids were tombs made for the pharaohs.Reconstructing Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Monuments
It is ironic that the Ancient Egyptian tombs, once sealed, were not intended to be seen by outsiders. Yet the highly valued and often reproduced tomb decorations have had a profound influence on art and have contributed significantly to our understanding of the Ancient Egyptian culture. We describe how recent advances in computational and digital technology can add a new perspective to these marvels of antiquity. Of particular interest to us has been the development of a technique for digital reconstruction of tombs, allowing for the creation of undistorted panoramic views of tomb interiors that are simply unattainable with traditional imaging methods. We have also applied similar computational techniques to bring a new perspective to several monuments of Ancient Egypt.Monuments of Ancient Egypt
Several good images and sites.The Great Pyramid and the Bible
Time can be shown in the measurements of length and volume.The Bible and the Great Pyramid lead us to these measurements.Egypt: Magi Tours
We are one of the leading Travel Agencies in Egypt, Hotel & Nile Cruise Reservation, Tour packages, Classic Trips to Cairo, Sharm, Hurghada, Aswan, Luxor and many more places, come in and have a look.Ancient Egyptian Law
Unveiling the Pillars of Justice: Explore the intricacies of Ancient Egyptian Law, its principles, and impact on society. Journey through time to discover the origins, legal administration, areas of law, and legacy of this fascinating legal system. Delve into the concept of ma'at, the role of pharaohs, and the judicial process. Gain insights into punishments, rehabilitation, and the lasting influence of Ancient Egyptian law on legal systems worldwide.
Map Of Egypt Ancient Cairo
Safari Egypt offers a nice colletion of maps for all parts of Egypt.Nile River Cruises of Egypt
Contains some of the Finest Most Luxuries Nile Cruises that Travel Through the River Nile.Ancient Coins of Egypt
Greek Kings of Egypt, and Egypt under the Romans.Ancient Coins and Coin Dealers
Coin ResourceCoins of Ancient Egypt
Lots of nice photos.Yahoo Images: Ancient Egypt Coins
Also try ptolemy coinsTheban Mapping Project
During the last decade, the TMP has concentrated on the Valley of the Kings. Modern surveying techniques were used to measure its tombs. From the data collected, the TMP is preparing 3-D computer models of the tombs. And of course, the TMP is continuing its excavation of KV 5. For the TMP staff, sharing their work with the interested public is just as important as what they do in the field. This has been done through a series of publications and this growing website.ABZU Bibliography: Search Oriental Institute
Abzu is a guide to the rapidly increasing, and widely distributed data relevant to the study and public presentation of the Ancient Near East via the Internet.Pharaoh's Pump Foundation
How the Great Pyramid At Giza was built, and Why! Explanations with graphics and animations. Focus is on the water punmping system that was used, and how it can be used today. Lots of info.The Rosetta Stone
A brief study about the deciphering of the ancient Hieroglyphs and the discovering of the Rosetta Stone. [Bible History Online Study]Picture of The Rosetta Stone
This stone held the key to the deciphering of the ancient Hieroglyphs of Egypt [Bible History Online Study]The Great Pyramid
Since the earliest of times the "Great Pyramid" of Giza (Arab. Al Jizah ) along with its 2 other main pyramids have been considered one of the wonders of the world. The Great Pyramid is still among the world's largest structures, standing almost as tall as a 50 story skyscraper. Brief study of the Pyramid and its builders. [Bible History Online Study]Adu Simbel, Egypt1
Nice PhotoAbu Simbel, Egypt
Nice PhotoHieroglyphics, Egypt
Nice PhotoHieroglyphics, Egypt1
Nice PhotoCat Mummies
One of the most popular cults to arise in Late Period Egypt was of the cat goddess Bast. At this time many thousands of Cats were mummified for sale to pilgrims, who presented them to the goddess as an offering.NMS Mummy Project
The National Museums of Scotland (NMS) are blessed with an excellent collection of Ancient Egyptian artefacts. This includes several mummies excavated by such famous Egyptologists as Alexander Rhind and Flinders Petrie. In order to find out more about the collection, and also to assess the conservation required, a 4 year project was initiated to investigate fully various items from the collection.Gize Pyramid Links
A selection of links to Egyptology & Pyramid related websites.Daily Life in Ancient Egypt
To understand the everyday life of ancient Egyptians, archaeologists draw on many sources. The most valuable sources include tomb paintings, reliefs, and the objects included in tombs that the Egyptians used in their daily life. [Carnegie Museum of Natural History]Life in Ancient Egypt - Funerary Customs
Much of our knowledge about ancient Egyptian culture comes from archaeological evidence uncovered in tombs. Objects, inscriptions, and paintings from tombs have led Egyptologists to conclude that what appeared to be a preoccupation with death was in actuality an overwhelming desire to secure and perpetuate in the afterlife the "good life" enjoyed on earth. [Carnegie Museum of Natural History]Ancient Egypt for Kids - Daily Life
The ancient Egyptians were fascinating people, and thanks to the movies, are often misunderstood. The ancient Egyptians were not in love with death, but with life! They enjoyed their life to the fullest. They worked very hard, but saved time to enjoy family, friends, music, parties, swimming, fishing, hunting, sailing, and especially their children, all of which were very important to the ancient Egyptians.Agriculture in Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian agriculture: irrigation, ploughing and planting, harvest, cropsLife in Ancient Egypt - Scribes
Even though much ancient Egyptian written material is still extant, it surely represents only a fraction of what originally existed. To produce such a mass, there must have been an impressive arsenal of scribes. In fact the word sesh, "scribe," was among the most frequently used titles in ancient Egypt. It is also one of the earliest recorded, and there are representations of scribes carrying the tools of their craft (pigments, water pot, and pen) over their shoulders from various periods beginning with the Old Kingdom. [Carnegie Museum of Natural History]Ancient Egypt: the Mythology
Comprehensive site on ancient Egyptian mythology.Gods and Religion
The ancient Egyptians interpreted every occurrence in terms of the relationship between natural and supernatural forces. Those phenomena that figured prominently in their lives included the annual cycle of the Nile River`s flood, the enormous size and unchanging harshness of the surrounding desert, and the daily cycle of the sun`s appearance in the east, gradual movement across the sky, and eventual disappearance in the west. The ancient Egyptians developed a world view in which these and other events and conditions were attributed to the actions of multiple, related gods and goddesses. [Carnegie Museum of Natural History]Theban Mapping Project
The largest Egyptological website on the internet, offering complete coverage of the Valley of the Kings in images, text and maps. Produced by the Theban Mapping Project and directed by Kent Weeks.Main Map of Ancient Egypt
Click on the map to go to that region.The Nile Delta near Alexandria
NASA image: This view from the southeast overlooks the green expanse of the Nile delta, with the Suez Canal and portions of the Red Sea in the background.Egyptian Statues and Reliefs
Store selling pieces made of hydrostone, a gypsum compound suitable for indoor or outdoor placement.British Museum Statues
The collection of the British Museum is one of the largest and most famous in the world. The range and variety of items on display is impressive, although the damage sustained in the original monuments when the exhibits were removed does not bear thinking about. This section gives a small sample of the items on display.Cleopatra's Needle
Cleopatra's Needle is located on the Thames Embankment in London close to the Embankment underground station. The Obelisk was actually constructed for Tuthmose III and is carved with Hieroglyphics praising Tuthmose and commemorating his third sed festival. Later inscriptions were added by Ramesses II to commemorate his victories.Luxor Museum
The museum in Luxor, although not on the scale of it's illustrious Cairo predecessor does house a large collection of tremendously significant objects. These include statues from the famous Cachette found buried in Luxor temple as well as a small selection of items from the tomb of Tutankhamun.Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties
Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties 1-5 Ancient Egypt was called the land of Khem. It was originally divided into Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt. There are various theories as to how Egypt became united - approximately 3000 BC.Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties
Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties 1-5 Ancient Egypt was called the land of Khem. It was originally divided into Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt. There are various theories as to how Egypt became united - approximately 3000 BC.Ancient Egypt
Museum of Natural History. Ancient Egypt was a narrow strip of land along the Nile River. Each year the river flooded its banks, leaving behind a fertile fringe of soil they called "the Black Land," while the desert all around the Nile valley was called "the Red Land."The Ancient Egyptian Culture Exhibit
Daily Life Art Military Architecture Hieroglyphs Religion Maps History Archaeology Links - Book ReferencesHistory of Alexandria: Cleopatra
Cleopatra, the Last Pharaoh (B.C. 69-30). When Cleopatra VII ascended the Egyptian throne, she was only seventeen. She reigned as Queen Philopator and Pharaoh between 51 and 30 BC, and died at the age of 39. Before glancing at Cleopatra's reign, let us first have a look at the keys to her rise and fall. The demise of the Ptolemies power coincided with the rise of the Roman Empire. Having little choice, and seeing city after the other falling into Rome's grip, the Ptolemies decided to ally with the Romans, a pact that lasted for two centuries. During the rule of the later Ptolemies, Rome gained more and more power over Egypt, and was even declared guardian of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII had to pay tribute to the Romans to keep them away from his Kingdom. Upon his death, the fall of the Dynasty seemed even closer.Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. She had two older sisters, Cleopatra VI and Berenice IV as well as a younger sister, Arsinoe IV. There were two younger brothers as well, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV.More Powerful than Cleopatra? Hatshepsut
Video: Hatshepsut, a woman, ruled Egypt during a time of great prosperity. Dr. Kara Cooney talks about this unprecedented situation in Egypt's history.The Queens of Egypt - Cleopatra
Egypt: Tour Egypt Monthly: Queens of Egypt, Part III - CleopatraThe King List
The Early Dynastic PeriodThe Old Kingdom
The First Intermediate Period
The Middle Kingdom
The Second Intermediate Period
The New Kingdom
The Third Intermediate Period - High Priests (Thebes)
The Late Period
The Graeco-Roman Period - Macedonian Kings
Ptolemys
Akhenaten of Amarna
18th Dynasty Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. This page is an introduction to the pharaoh Akhenaten, and the mysteries of his life, his religion, and his reign.Akhenaten's Story
Who was Akhenaten ? Akhenaten was a Ruler of Egypt during the period known as the 18th Dynasty.Akhenaten: The Great Heretic Ruler
Akhenaten will always be remembered as a great heretic ruler, who uprooted traditional Egyptian religions, and conjured a monotheistic religion that is very close in nature to Christianity and Judaism. His political power was not his strong point, but with the creation of his religion, and the vast change in art forms, Akhenaten will never be forgotten.The Mysteries of Akhenaten
Although we know a great deal about Akhenaten compared to some of the other Pharaohs, there are still some major mysteries concerning his reign. Various 'experts' have differing theories concerning this enigmatic ruler. On this page I will detail some of the various theories which have been presented, along with their relative pros and cons.Tutankhamun
King Nebkheperura Tutankhamun remains the most famous of all the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, but in fact he was a short lived and fairly insignificant ruler during a transitional period in history. Little was known of him prior to Howard Carters methodical detective work, but the discovery of his tomb and the amazing contents it held ultimately ensured this boy king of the Immortality he sought.Nefertiti
Famed throughout the ancient world for her outstanding beauty, Akhenaten's queen Nefertiti remains the one of the most well known of the queens of Egypt. The famous statue of Nefertiti, found in a sculptors workshop in Akhetaten, is one of the most immediately recognisable icons from this period of history. It has escaped the excesses of the Amarna artistic style, and survived the wholesale destruction of Akhenaten's monuments after his death.King Tut
The most famous of all the kings found in the Valley of the Kings was Tutankhamun, also known as KingTut. He died in mid-January, 1343 B.C. It is thought that he was murdered by an official because his skull was bashed in and only a person of great importance could get near enough to harm him.Howard Carter Biography
Those that recognize the name, Howard Carter, usually associate it with the discovery of King Tutankhamun's tomb.Pharaoh Maatkare Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut' Temple. The King's Daughter, God's Wife, King's Great Wife, Lady of the Two Lands, Hatshepsut, says "Oh my mother Nut, stretch thyself over me, that thou mayest place me among the imperishable stars which are in thee, and that I may not die." Prayer to the Goddess Nut from the lid of one of Hatshepsut's sarcophagus.Hatshepsut The Female Pharaoh
Hatshepsut, was the daughter of Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose Nefertari. Hatshepsut (1473-1458 BC) was married to her half brother Thutmose II perhaps in order to strengthen his claim to the throne. Hatshepsut had a daughter by her husband/half brother Thutmose II, but the heir to the throne, the future Thutmose III, was in fact the son of one of his father's concubines.The Story of Hatshepsut
Born in the 15th century BC, Hatshepsut, daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes, both of royal lineage, was the favorite of their three children. When her two brothers died, she was in the unique position to gain the throne upon the death of her father. To have a female pharaoh was unprecedented, and probably most definitely unheard of as well. When Tuthmose I passed away, his son by the commoner Moutnofrit, Tuthmose II, technically ascended the throne. For the few years of his reign, however, Hatshepsut seems to have held the reins. From markings on his mummy, archaeologists believe Tuthmose II had a skin disease, and he died after ruling only three or four years. Hatshepsut, his half sister and wife, had produced no offspring with him (her daughter Nefrure was most likely the daughter of her lover Senmut), although he had sired a son through the commoner Isis. This son, Tuthmose III, was in line for the throne, but due to his age Hatshepsut was allowed to reign as queen dowager.Karnak Temple
The Temple of Karnak is actually three main temples, smaller enclosed temples, and several outer temples. This vast complex was built and enlarged over a thirteen hundred year period. The three main temples of Mut, Monthu and Amun are enclosed by enormous brick walls. The Open Air Museum is located to the north of the first courtyard, across from the Sacred Lake. The main complex, The Temple of Amun, is situated in the center of the entire complex. The Temple of Monthu is to the north of the Temple of Amun, while the Temple of Mut is to the south.Food of the Ancient Egyptians
Food: Bread, beer, and all good things. The Egyptians` staple food was bread. It was made from barley and emmer wheat, their most common crops. Bread was usually baked in a conical mold that was placed over an open fire. There were also dome-shaped ovens where net loaves of bread were baked by placing them against either the hot interior or exterior of the dome. The main beverage of ancient Egypt was beer, but the frequent depictions of grape arbors on tomb walls and the numerous wine vessels found throughout Egypt indicate that wine was also popular. However, only the nobility could afford to drink wine on a regular basis.Anubis, The God of Embalming
The Ancient Egyptians held a great reverence for the Jackal headed god Anubis, who oversaw the embalming and mummification process as well as escorting the deceased through the procedures for entering the underworld.Ancient Egypt Artifacts and Antiquities
The cornerstone for Egyptian society was laid around 3100 BC with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the rule of a single King. This king, known as Pharaoh, was the central figure of the Egyptian state which built pyramids during the Old Kingdom, mainly in the 3rd Dynasty, starting at Saqqara (c. 2650 BC). The most notable of these was the Great Pyramid at Giza built by Khufu (Cheops). Later-Dynasty Pharaohs turned their attention to the building of temples with large halls and stylized columns. Dynastic rule in ancient Egypt ended in approximately 300 BC with the beginning of the Macedonian Kings and Ptolemaic reign which itself ended with its conquest by the Roman Empire and the death of Cleopatra in 31 BC.Akhet Egyptology Home
Explore the wonders of the past. Find out about the people of this amazing culture, and learn about the gods they worshiped, the Pharaohs they followed and the tombs and statues they left behind. Tutankhamun, the elaborate preparations they made for an eternal life. Masks and jewelry which the dead took with them into their tombs and the elaborate mythology that inspired it.Akhet Egyptology Index
An ideal place to start exploring the wonders of the past. Find out about the people of this amazing culture, and learn about the gods they worshiped, the Pharaohs they followed and the tombs and statues they left behind.Akhenaten by Megaera Lorenz
Akhenaten was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who reigned about 3,500 years ago. He made some major, but rather short-lived changes to various aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, the most notable one being his religious revolution. Akhenaten also made major changes in the ancient Egyptian art style, and presented himself in a very different manner from any of his predecessors.THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION
The Metropolitan Museum of ArtNubia: The Land Upriver
The Rise of Kush Power Vacuum in Nubia. The Egyptian New Kingdom came to an end in ca. 1070 BC. The succeeding royal government of the Twenty-first Dynasty (ruling from Tanis) abandoned all claim to Nubia, apparently creating a power vacuum there that lasted over 400 years. Since no textual records or cemeteries have been detected in Nubia for this period, most archaeologists believe that Lower Nubia was fairly deserted at this time, perhaps due to low Nile levels and increased desiccation of the region. The Nubian inhabitants, they suggest, migrated southward, where they collected around Napata. Ultimately, a strong independent state did grow up centered around that city, i.e., the resurgent Kingdom of Kush. On the other hand, some archaeologists argue that certain sites in Lower Nubia actually do show continuous Nubian occupation through this period and later--down to the succeeding Kushite kingdom, e.g., Qasr Ibrim. They suggest that Lower Nubia was not deserted at this time, but contained various indigenous polities that were absorbed even earlier than previously suspected by the growing Kushite state at Napata.Scottish Egyptology
This section was where Akhet all started, many years ago on CompuServe. Here you will find a guide to Egyptological collections as well as original photographs of the best that Scotland has to offer.The Ancient Egypt Site
Explore more than 3.000 years of Ancient Egyptian history, monuments, language and more. History starting with the end of prehistory at around 3.000 BC to the closing of the last Egyptian temple in 535/537 A.D. A time-line helps you navigate through history and discover the formidable Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.Tombs and Temples
The temples of Ancient Egypt remain as a constant reminder of the power and glory of the Egyptian state and it's Gods. Each of the major gods had their own cult center with a temple complex as well as the 'state' temples at Luxor and Karnak.The Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Papyrus of Ani by E. A. WALLIS BUDGE [1895]Mummification
Many ancient civilizations believed in life after death. We identify mumification with ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians - during the time of the dynasties - believed that mummification would guarantee the soul passage into the next life. Some believed that the dead lived on in the tomb. While others thought of the dead as having gone to a blessed afterworld in some far-distant place. That being the case they provided for both worlds. In no other civilization have such elaborate preparations for the afterlife been made in the preservation of the dead.Mummies of Ancient Egypt
A project of the Cultural Heritage Initiative for Community Outreach at the University of Michigan School of Information.Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association
New research on the great pyramid from the world's largest research association. Ancient EgyptPharaohs: Short biographies
of some of the more well-known pharaohs of Egypt from Neferchichi`s Tomb site.Theban Mapping Project - Valley of the Kings
Wadi Biban al Molouk, Wadi al Moluk. See the Valley of the Kings in Virtual Reality.Deep in the Tombs of Egypt
WELL, GOLLY GEE, IT`S ARCHAEOLOGY Deep in the Tombs of EgyptThe Royal Tomb
The royal tomb at Akhetaten stands as a silent monument both to the destruction wrought in the Anti-Atenist backlash, and the destruction caused in modern times by man's greed and ignorance. The tomb is yet another example of how the condition of ancient monuments has deteriorated more in the last 100 years than in the previous three millennia.The Enigma of Tomb KV55
Perhaps the most controversial find ever made in the Valley of the Kings was tomb KV55. This tomb was discovered on the 3rd of January 1907 by Edward Ayrton. The tomb contained a number of Amarna objects. These included a large gilded shrine, originally prepared by Akhenaten for the Akhetaten burial of his mother Tiye.Ancient Scripts
Gives an introduction to writing systemsEgyptian Hieroglyphs
Writing Numbers and Fractions Eye of Horus Downloads LinksHieroglyphic Alphabet
These are signs that make the sound of one consonant. These glyphs are used to translate into our modern alphabet.The Rosetta Stone Images and Information
The Rosetta Stone is 3 feet 9 inches long and 2 feet 41/2 inches wide - (114x72x28cm). It is dark grey-pinkish granite stone (originally thought to be basalt in composition) with writing on it in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, using three scripts, Hieroglyphic, Demotic Egyptian and Greek. Because Greek was well known, the stone was the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs.THE STONE OF ROSETTE
The Rosetta Stone (image with info). The name Rosetta is attached to the stone of Rosette. This is a compact basalt slab (114x72x28 cm) that was found in July 1799 in the small Egyptian village Rosette (Raschid), which is located in the western delta of the Nile. Today the stone is kept at the British Museum in London. It contains three inscriptions that represent a single text in three different variants of script, a decree of the priests of Memphis in honour of Ptolemaios V. (196 b.c.).Four Sons Of Horus
The Four Sons of Horus were traditionally the guardians of the internal organs of the deceased. Each was associated with a particular organ, and also with a different cardinal point on the compass.The Cairo Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo is an unbelievable treasure house of riches. As it develops this section of the site will contain unique photographs of the exhibits there.The Sphinx Temple
The Great Sphinx is, like many other monuments in Egypt, a complex rather than simply a single colossal statue. At the Sphinx on the Giza Plateau near Cairo, there are actually two Sphinx temples.Egypt: Alexander the Great in Egypt
Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 bc), better known to history as 'Alexander the Great', spent several months in Egypt as part of his on-going campaign against the mighty Persian Empire of Darius III. After conquering Persia's naval bases all along the coastline of Asia Minor and Syria-Israel, Alexander marched south into Egypt where he remained for some six months.Crystalinks:Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great, Megas Alexandros (July 20, 356 BCÂJune 10, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336Â323 BC), was one of the most successful Ancient Greek military commanders in history. The name 'Alexander' derives from the Greek words "alexo" meaning refuge, defense, protection) and "aner" meaning man). Before his death, he conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks. Alexander is also known in the Zoroastrian Middle Persian work Arda Wiraz Namag as "the accursed Alexander" due to his conquest of the Persian Empire and the destruction of its capital Persepolis. He is known as Eskandar-e Maqduni (Alexander of Macedonia) in Persian, Al-Iskander Al-Makadoni (Alexander of Macedonia) in Arabic, Alexander Mokdon in Hebrew, and Tre-Qarnayia in Aramaic (the two-horned one, apparently due to an image on coins minted during his rule that seemingly depicted him with the two ram's horns of the Egyptian god Ammon),(Alexander the Great) in Arabic, Sikandar-e-azam Sikandar, his name in Urdu and Hindi, is also a term used as a synonym for "expert" or "extremely skilled".Story of Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great World conqueror by Chris WhittenMacedonia FAQ: Bucephalus
Contians Bronze statue of Alexander on Bucephalus Museo Nazionale di Villa Guilia, Rome, ItalyAlexandria -- Related links
WWW Links Related to Alexandria. The Library of Alexandria The Decline of the Library and the Mouseion (technical paper) Hypatia of Alexandria (at cosmopolis.com) Hypatia of Alexandria (book review) The Mysterious Fate of the Great Library of Alexandria The Library of Alexandria (technical paper) The New Bibliotheca Alexandrina Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Landscape and Design History and Tradition Alexander the Great's Home Page Alexander the Great on the Web Alexandria: Cosmology, Philosophy, Myth, and Culture Alexandria Preservation Trust Amicale Alexandrie Hier Aujourd'hui Ancient World Web Archaeology Article in the Christian Science Monitor Cavafy's Alexandria (book review) Cavafy's Poems Classics Archive (The Tech/MIT) Clement of Alexandria's "the Stromateis" Constantine P. Cavafy History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria History of Mathematics: Alexandria The House of Ptolemy Philo of AlexandriaAlexandria: The Ptolemaic Dynasty
For the next three centuries the Ptolemaic Dynasty would hold sway over Egypt, surviving both family feuds and external conflicts while living an unusual combination of Hellenic and Egyptian life. And under them Alexandria grew mighty and prosperous, the center of an empire that extended around the coast of Syria to the Aegean Sea. In fact, if Alexandria had been any more prosperous, it might have replaced Rome as the center of the world, as Rome was neither as strategically located nor as culturally diverse. But all this is not to say that Alexandria was a city completely at peace with itself. With the large numbers of people and cultures coming through the city, it was inevitable that conflict would arise. Certainly racial tensions, by no means an invention of the twentieth century, played a strong part. Additionally, a number of more tradition-minded Egyptians resented the presence of the Greeks, nations brought their feuds with them to the streets and businesses of Alexandria, and there was always the wildly unpredictable Alexandrian Mob to lend spice to things.Decline of Library of Alexandria
The Library of Alexandria, in reality two or more libraries in the ancient Egyptian capitol, has achieved an almost mythic stature in the study of classics from the time of the Renaissance. The apocryphal burning of the Library during Julius Caesar`s occupation of the city has been described as the greatest calamity of the ancient world, wherein the most complete collection of all Greek and Near Eastern literature was lost in one great conflagration. In reality, the Library and its community of scholars not only flourished during the Hellenistic era of the Ptolemies, but continued to survive through the Roman Empire and the incessant turbulence of the Empire`s most volatile and valuable city. For valuable indeed was the granary of the empire, which was also a prosperous trade center between east and west, linked to the Mediterranean and, not far to the east, to the Red Sea and Indian traderoutes via a canal. This cosmopolitan city drew Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, and Jews into a unique and not entirely harmonious coexistence. The Alexandrian Museum and Library, then, was an ideal place for scholars from these different cultures to meet and exchange learning, and was a repository for the literature and accounts of the Alexandrian intelligensia and the Roman Empire in general. However, while sources agree on the Museum`s uniqueness and value, no surviving account of its activities actually exists, and modern scholarship has largely ignored this poorly-documented portion of history.Neferchichi's Egyptian Graphics
Shop for your favorite Egyptomaniac (even if that's you) in our Gift Shop Bazaar! You'll find lots of cool books, toys, posters, videos & DVDs, games, clocks, mouse pads, tote bags, and lots of other Egyptian-inspired merchandise. Here's a small sample of our wares...Pyramid Crossword Puzzle
Puzzle about Egypt. Ancient Egypt's Deepest Secrets Revealed Bartlett Elementary School 2000Ancient Egyptian Coloring Book
The following drawings are renderings based on actual ancient Egyptian wall paintings, sculpture and everyday objects discovered in tombs and temples. Most of them are from the shrines and tombs at Thebes (modern Luxor) on the Nile which were unearthed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by European explorers and archeologists.NM's Creative Impulse: Medieval World
With their eyes and minds on eternity, the Egyptians built a society that remained constant for nearly 3000 years. Many of their monuments still attest to that permanence. Ancient eyes of monumental sculptures and the Sphinx still stare at us through the centuries. The tombs in the Valley of Kings and at Beni Hasan and the ruins of massive pylon temples at Luxor and Karnak reminded us of the importance of religious belief in Egyptian society. The only remaining Wonder of the Ancient World still stands proudly at the pyramid complex at Giza.Michael C. Carlos Museum
On the campus of Emory University. Collections include mummies and other artifacts from ancient EgyptAkhet Egyptology
Resource for Egyptology, including a clickable mummy, original photography, and UK Egyptology resources.Akhenaten's World
No Pharaoh of Egypt causes quite so much debate as the 'Heretic' Akhenaten. Despised by his successors and all but erased from history, only now are some of the details being painstakingly put together of this man and the profound effect he had on an empire.Guardian's Sphinx
The Sphinx of Giza is a symbol that has represented the essence of Egypt for thousands of years. Even with all of the pictures that we see of the Sphinx, nothing can really prepare you for the time that you finally see the Sphinx with your own eyes. Here's a look at the Sphinx that will give you a hint of what you can expect to see if you visit Egypt.Luxor Temple, Hypostyle Hall
Egypt, Luxor (East Bank), Luxor Temple was built by the New Kingdom Pharaoh Amenophis III. It was dedicated the Theban Triad of Amun-Min, Mut and Khonsu. The hypostyle hall is the first inner room of the temple itself and features four rows of eight columns each.(Tony Stone Images)Ancient Egyptian wall frieze, Nile Goddess,
food offering, lotus flowers(Tony Stone Images)Sun Temple of Ramesses II illuminated at night
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)Hathor Temple
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Hathor
Egypt, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Great Temple of Abu Simbel (Tony Stone Images)Statue of Ramesses II illuminated at night
Egypt, Luxor, Luxor Temple, (Tony Stone Images)Avenue of Sphinxes at sunset
Egypt, Luxor, Luxor Temple, (Tony Stone Images)Pyramid and Sphinx illuminated at night
Egypt, Cairo, Giza, (Tony Stone Images)Sun Temple of Ramesses II illuminated at night
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)Sun Temple of Ramesses II, head of figure
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)Sun Temple of Ramesses II, head of figure 2
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)man in robes sculpture of Rameses II
Egypt, ,Luxor Temple, (Tony Stone Images)Pyramids of Giza
Egypt, Cairo, Giza, The pyramids were considered by the ancient Greeks to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They, and the temples of Giza, were built from stone quarried locally and from the Moqattam Hills.They were built between about 2700 BC to about 1000 BC. (Tony Stone Images)Avenue of Sphinxes illuminated at sunset
Egypt, Luxor, Luxor Temple, (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Isis, low angle view of reliefs
Egypt, ancient Dendera, (Tony Stone Images)Queen Hatshepsut relief
Egypt, Luxor, Temple of Karnak, (Tony Stone Images)Tourists by statue of Ramesses II
Egypt, Luxor, Temple of Karnak, (Tony Stone Images)Couple looking down over Valley of the Kings
Egypt, Valley Of The Kings, (Tony Stone Images)Egypt, Abu Simbel, Temple and coastline beyond
Egypt, (Tony Stone Images)Colossi of Memnon, arab in foreground
Egypt, Thebes, West Bank, (Tony Stone Images)Temples of Karnak, obelisk and statue, low angle view
Egypt, (Tony Stone Images)Ram-headed sphinxes
Egypt, by road from Luxor Temple to Karnak Temples (Tony Stone Images)Tourist photographing statue of Ramesses II
Luxor, Karnak Temple, Ramses II statue We are now in the temple area. The temple of Karnak should be called the temples of Karnak, because in this area you will find several temples. The three main ones are: the temple of mut, the temple of Monthu and the temple of Amun (the three of them are enclosed by high walls). Outside the walls there is the open air museum, the sacred lake and several other temples. In front of us you can admire the statue of Ramses II. At its left, you can see part of the second pylon, built during Ramses II reign. At our right there is the entrance to the hypostyle hall, one of the most amazing sights in Egypt, which we will see later. Now it is time to go to the Ramses III courtyard (at our back). Egypt, Luxor, Karnak,Zoser, The Step Pyramid
Egypt, Saqqara, (Tony Stone Images)Sphinx and Pyramid of Chephren, low angle view
Egypt, Cairo, Giza, (Tony Stone Images)Sphinx and Pyramid
Egypt, Cairo, Giza, (Tony Stone Images)Sphinx and Pyramid of Chephren, low angle view 3
Egypt, Cairo, Giza, (Tony Stone Images)History of Egypt
The information on Egyptian history is taken from a number of sources, including Sir Alan Gardiner's Egypt of the Pharaohs. Many sources are used so as to reflect a wide variety of theories and ideas about Egypt's history, particularly its early days. Note: This is one of the nices and most informative sites I have seen for historical reference on Pharaonic history.Monuments in Egypt
We have documented many of the ancient monuments of Egypt, including not only the pharaonic monuments but those of Islam and early Christianity. Note: Lots of images with brief descriptions.Rulers of Ancient Egypt
The kings and pharaohs of ancient Egypt from the 1st dynasty to the Byzantine emperors. Note: Brief descriptions.Who's Who of Egypt
We have all heard of rulers such as Rameses the Great, but what about the other important people of Egypt. Throughout the history of this great land, there have always been people working alongside the rulers to make things happen. We have compiled an extensive list of these important, but sometimes forgotten people. Note: Brief descriptions.Egyptian Mythology
This brief overview is meant only to explain some of the basic concepts and to introduce some of the gods. Note: Brief descriptions.Virtual Museum
where you can take a tour of important Egyptian relics around the world.Virtual Museum
where you can take a tour of important Egyptian relics around the world.Ancient Egypt Glossary of Terms
Over Egypt's past, many terms from many origins have come into use. In order to understand the Egyptian past, we have included a glossary of terms.The Construction of the Pyramids
Ever wonder how the pyramids were built? We have put together some general information on their construction.A History of Christianity in Egypt
Learn how the Land of the Pharaohs proved to be fertile ground for the young religion. "When writing about the history of any religion, regardless of time and place, I have found that it is often difficult to separate history from tradition. In some cases, the two are one and the same, while in others, one account can be radically different from another. It is my purpose in these articles neither to vilify nor praise any one system of belief, but merely to present the story of a fascinating aspect of our world's history."Historical Astrology In Egypt
Find out how Egypt provided the basis for modern Astrology.Historical Astrology In Egypt
Find out how Egypt provided the basis for modern Astrology.The Egyptian Book of the Dead
1240 BC. The Papyrus of Ani; Translated by E.A. Wallis Budge We have a complete Egyptian Book of the Dead on line. Check it out.Temple of Queen Nefertari
Egypt, Abu Simbel, man cleaning Hathor. The Hathor Temple of Queen Nefertari is situated just north of the the Great Temple of Rameses II. Both were built during the reign of Rameses II (1290-1224 BC). The Hathor Temple is guarded by 6 statues, 4 representing Rameses and 2 of Queen Nefertari. (Tony Stone Images)Karnak Temple at Night
Egypt, Luxor, Karnak Temple, First Pylon, lit at night. (Tony Stone Images)Statue of Ramses II at entry
Egypt, Luxor Temple, lit at night. (Tony Stone Images)Dendra Necropolis Columns
Egypt, Dendera, Outer Hypostyle Hall, man looking up at columns. The Dendra necropolis is a well preserved complex of a temple, Early Dynastic tombs and underground passages.The main Temple of Hathor is almost intact. In the Outer Hypostyle Hall Hathor`s head forms the top of all 24 columns. (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Hatshepsut
Egypt, Luxor, West Bank, Valley of the Kings. Discovered in the mid 19th century it is still being restored. Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut who ruled from 1495 BC for 20 years. Valley of the Kings contains many royal burial grounds. (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Hatshepsut
Egypt, Luxor, West Bank, Valley of the Kings. Discovered in the mid 19th century it is still being restored. Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut who ruled from 1495 BC for 20 years. Valley of the Kings contains many royal burial grounds. (Tony Stone Images)Temples of Karnak
Egypt, Luxor, East Bank. Karnak was built over a 1500 year period. During the height of Theban power it was the most important temple in Egypt. View from the south. Obelisk(Tony Stone Images)Ramesses II statue being cleaned
Egypt, Luxor, Temple of Luxor. (Tony Stone Images)Cheops Pyramid (Nice)
Egypt, near Cairo, Pyramids of Giza, buildings in foreground. (Tony Stone Images)Pyramids of Giza (Man riding camel foreground)
Egypt, Cairo, native man riding camel, pyramids behind (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Hatshep sut
Egypt, Necropolis of Thebes, Deir el-Bahri, (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Hatshepsut (Scenic Background)
Necropolis of Thebes, Deir El-Bahri, (Tony Stone Images)View of Ramses II statue and tourists
Egypt, Abu Simbel, (Tony Stone Images)Court of Nactanebo with obelisk in foreground
Egypt, Luxor Temple. Built by New Kingdom Pharoah Amenophis III and dedicated to Amun`s `Harem of the South`. Added to Tutankhamun, Rameses II and Alexander the Great amongst others (Tony Stone Images)Temple of Karnak (Pillar)
Egypt, Luxor, man leaning on pillar in evening light (Tony Stone Images)Pyramid of Chephren, aerial view
Egypt, Giza, Middle pyramid of the Giza Pyramids (Tony Stone Images)Pyramid of Mycerinus aerial view
Egypt, Giza. Smallest of the Giza Pyramids (Tony Stone Images)Sunrise at Valley of Kings
Egypt, Deir Al-Bahri, Hatshepsut Temple, (Tony Stone Images)Karnak Temple, ram sphinxes by temple walls,
Egypt, Luxor, sunset (Tony Stone Images)HistoryWiz: Ancient Egypt Images
Multimedia World History. The history of Ancient Egypt, with photos of pyramids and the Nile. [Ancient Egypt] [Images]The Art of Ancient Egypt Posters
Large selection for purchase at AllPosters.com [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Amenemhet III
Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]The Rosetta Stone Photos
Pictures of the Rosetta Stone Royalty Free Pictures* [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Temple of Queen Nefertari, Abu Simbel, Egypt
Boat cruising by. [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Temple of Amun in Karnak
Forecourt Colossus of Ramesses II [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pyramids, Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Sunset pyramid, Giza, Egypt
Camel Rider. Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Obelisk Through Arch at the Great Temple of Amon
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pompey`s Pillar and sphinx, Alexandria, Egypt
Ptolemaic Sphinx Statue Near Pompey`s Pillar. Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Osiris pillars, Ramesseum Temple, Luxor, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pyramid, Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Great Sphinx and Pyramid at Luxor Resort
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Sphinx and pyramid, Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Sphinx and pyramid, Giza, Egypt (Closer)
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pyramid of Khafre, Giza, Egypt
View of the Great Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre at Night Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pyramid, Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Temple of Ramses, Egypt (close)
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Rider on Camel Beside Pyramid
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Head of The Great Sphinx
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Man Painting Sphynx and Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Hieroglyphs
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Stonehenge, England
Corbis Images [Ancient England] [Images]Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England
Corbis Images [Ancient England] [Images]Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Sphinx from Ptolemaic Sphinx Statues
Detail Showing One Sphinx from Ptolemaic Sphinx Statues near Pompey`s Pillar. Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Zeus Temple Remains in Ancient city
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Felucca on Nile, Aswan, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Pyramid of Cheops at Night, Giza, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Temple of Horus and Sobek, Kom Ombo, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Obelisk of Amon Ra, Karnak, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Herbs and spices, Aswan, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Abu Simbel, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Egypt (Flag)
Corbis Images [Modern Egypt] [Images]Egypt (Flag)
Corbis Images [Modern Egypt] [Images]Camel and rider, Egypt
Corbis Images [Modern Egypt] [Images]Egyptian Obelisk
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]The Pyramids at Giza
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Great Pyramid at Giza
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Roman theater, Alexandria, Egypt
Corbis Images [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Aswan dam on the Nile
Corbis Images [Modern Egypt] [Images]Aswan dam on the Nile
Corbis Images [Modern Egypt] [Images]Statue of Ramses II
Cairo, Egypt; The head of the Colossal Statue of Ramses II was discovered in 1870 at the capital of the old kingdom of Ancient Egypt. [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Napoleon`s Conquest of Egypt
(1798-1800) did not last more than two years. Yet its` consequences to the area were spectacular. This latest museum in the Pharaonic Village attempts to capture this. It highlights some of the main historic events, including: The Battle of the Pyramids: This is the battle where Napoleon and his army defeated the Mamelukes - warlords of Egypt. The battle was fought at Imbaba, 13 miles north of the pyramids. [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Egyptian Picture Gallery
Pyramids Navigation Pyramids at Giza Pyramids at Giza #2 Pyramid of Khufu Pyramid Khufu #2 Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Merkure Bent Pyramid of Dashur Step Pyramid of Djoser Pyramid of Userkaf Royalty Free Images* Djoser Step Pyramid Pyramids Khafre Pyramid Khufu Pyramid Other Pyramids Images from Giza Wall Paintings Great Sphinx Giza Great Sphinx #2 Great Sphinx #3 Sphinxes at Luxor Sphinxes at Karnak Sphinx of Memphis Colossus of Memnon Colossus of Memphis Sculptures of Ramesses Sculptures from Tombs Misc. Sculptures Royalty Free Images* Sphinxes Great Sphinx Great Sphinx Sphinxes at Karnak Sphinxes at Karnak Sphinx at Memphis Great Sphinx with Pyramid in Background Sculptures Colossus of Memnon Colossus of Memnon Colossus of Memphis Sculpture at Karnak Sculpture at Luxor Other Sculptures Temples Navigation Abu Simbel Abu Simbel #2 Hatshepsut Isis Mednet Habu Mortuary Hathor & Khnum Royalty Free Images* Hatshepsut Temple #1 Hatshepsut Temple #2 Hatshepsut #3 Temple Idfu Temple Idfu #2 Karnak and Luxor Temples ancient Engravings Pictures, Nile River Pictures, Egyptian Farming and Country Side Navigation Farming Countryside #1 Countryside #2 Egyptian Village Egyptian House [Ancient Egypt] [Images]Ancient Egyptian Hairstyles
For children [Ancient Egypt] [Images]The Lighthouse of Alexandria
A colossus of Helios the sun-god, erected by the Greeks near the harbor of a Mediterranean Island. [General] [Egypt]Mummies of the World
A mummy, to put it bluntly, is an old dead body. But unlike a skeleton or a fossil, a mummy still retains some of the soft tissue it had when it was alive -- most often skin, but sometimes organs and muscles, as well. This tissue preservation can happen by accident or through human intervention but, in either case, it occurs when bacteria and fungi are unable to grow on a corpse and cause its decay. [Nova] [General] [Egypt]Empires and Cities (Egypt)
Until this section is finished being indexed into the main database you can click here to see a list of links including the Bible History Online general resources on this subject, although many of these links are outdated. [Ancient Egypt]The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
[History] [Egypt]Egyptology Resources
(University of Cambridge) [History] [Egypt]The International Association of Egyptologists
[International] [Professional Societies]The International Association of Egyptologists
[International] [Professional Societies]The Egypt Exploration Society
[Europe] [Professional Societies]The Sudan Archeological Research Society
The British Museum, London. Through lectures, seminars and newsletters, the Sudan Archaeological Research Society aims to promote interest in the Sudan`s cultural heritage and raise awareness of its place in the history of mankind. Most significantly, the Society mounts expeditions to excavate and record threatened sites before they are lost to knowledge forever. [Egyptology] [Europe] [Professional Societies]Sussex Egyptology Society online
one of Britain's most successful regional Egyptology groups. It is also a gateway to the whole of Britain's Egyptological scene - and, of course, to the wonders of Egypt's ancient civilisation. [Egyptology] [U.S.] [Professional Societies]Egyptologica Vlaanderen VZW
[Egyptology] [Europe] [Professional Societies]American Research Center in Egypt
[Egyptology] [United States] [Professional Societies]ARCE Orange County California Chapter
[Egyptology] [United States] [Professional Societies]ARCE Northern California Chapter
[Egyptology] [United States] [Professional Societies]Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
[Egyptology] [United States] [Professional Societies]Ancient Egypt Research Associates
[Egyptology] [United States] [Professional Societies]Ancient Egypt Research Associates
Official web site of Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA). [History] [Egypt]Deir el-Medina Database (Leiden, Netherlands)
[History] [Egypt]Guardian`s Egypt Main Gate
Welcome to Guardian`s Egypt where you can explore the mystery and splendor of ancient Egypt from the comfort of your own computer. Guardian`s Egypt was founded in 1994 by Andrew Bayuk. [History] [Egypt]Egyptian Archaeology
Egyptian Archaeology - Directory of Online ResourcesAncient Near Eastern Archaeology
Archaeological discoveries continually enrich our understanding of the people, culture, history, and literature of the Middle East. The heritage of its peoples -- from urban civilization to the Bible -- both inspires and fascinates. Near Eastern Archaeology brings to life the ancient world from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean with vibrant images and authoritative analyses. [History] [Egypt]Odyssey in Egypt
When we think about Egypt, camels, pyramids, and mummies often come to mind! That's not surprising since much of what we know about ancient Egypt comes from the tombs of Egyptians and the objects found buried with them. No one knows exactly what life was like in ancient Egypt, but these objects tell us a lot. Egyptian fashion, religious beliefs, recreational activities, and much more can be explored through the art they created and included in their burials. [History] [Egypt]Egyptian Museum Artifacts
Mummies, Coffins, Artifacts. You are in for a surprise when you open this page.[History] [Egypt]The Splendors of Ancient Egypt (Site 1)
[History] [Egypt]Roemer-und Pelizaeus Museum collecton
Phoenix Art Museum is the only venue in the Southwest to present Splendors of Ancient Egypt, the largest exhibition of ancient Egyptian treasures ever to tour America and one of the most spectacular collections in the world. [History] [Egypt] Phoenix Art Museum.Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeolgy
Contains excellent Egyptian Artifacts Exhibit [History] [Egypt] University of MemphisEgyptian Exhibit (Cleveland Museum of Art)
[History] [Egypt]Annual Egyptological Bibliography
The online Annual Egyptological Bibliography (AEB) website. The AEB is published by the International Association of Egyptologists in cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for the Near East. [History] [Egypt]Egyptian Art Galleries
Richard Deurer. The Egyptian Galleries contain my paintings, photographs and sculptures. You will also find valuable information about Ancient Egypt. Please, go to the gallery that you find the most interesting. [General] [Egypt]Reeder's Egyptian Gallery
The Egyptian Portfolio, Cairo: The Islamic Monuments. , The Pharaonic Monuments, Black & White Photography, Digital Egypt Ephemera [General] [Egypt]Egyptian Art Exhibit
Some Old Kingdom sculptures present an idealized version of their subject, but other royal and non-royal images exhibit features that identify them as distinct individuals. The more realistic faces range from thin to fleshy, with traces of character as well as signs of age. Especially noticeable in this regard are the individual facial features in the sculptures of King Menkaure shown here. In some instances, similarities between portraits in relief and statuary help to identify otherwise anonymous individuals. The most enigmatic of Old Kingdom portraits are the "reserve heads" found in a select group of tombs at Giza. These heads, with their strikingly individual faces, were complete works of art in themselves, rather than part of a larger statue; none is identified by name. [General] [Egypt] (Metropolitan Museum of Art)Death in Ancient Egypt
[General] [Egypt] (Oriental Institute)Mansoor Amarna Collection
The M.A. Mansoor Collection of Amarna Era art, their world-renowned collection is justifiably honored as one of the most extraordinary single groupings of Egyptian art in existence. Pieces of the Amarna Collection are included in the permanent collections of the Louvre and the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University. [General] [Egypt]Egyptian Temple Rituals
The Daily Temple Rituals Morning Service - Ritual Purity - Awakening the God - Serving the God - Midday and Evening Rituals [General] [Egypt]Alexandria Landmarks and Alexandria Monuments
The vast majority of Alexandria's most significant landmarks and monuments are leftovers from the Romans. These ancient monuments are unique and fascinating to tour. Not to be missed are the Roman Amphitheatre, the only one in Egypt, and Pompey's Pillar, a huge freestanding structure. More modern landmarks in Alexandria include the ornate Abbas al-Mursi Mosque, while the city's harbours hide hundreds of ancient treasures, which can only be observed on a diving trip. Here are Alexandria's main landmarks and monuments. [General] [Egypt]Thebes Photographic Project
[General] [Egypt] Oriental InstituteTrumpet of Tutankhamun
Click to download the audio of King Tut's Trumpet [General] [Egypt]Publix weekly ad, Kroger weekly ad, aldi ad, Walgreens weekly ad
Tomb of Niankhkhnum & Khnumhotep
The Tomb of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep was discovered by Mounir Basta in 1964 in Saqqara. Basta found the tomb by crawling through a series of passages in the escarpment facing the causeway to the pyramid of Unas. [General] [Egypt]The Great Pyramid of Giza
A gigantic stone structure near the ancient city of Memphis, serving as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. [General] [Egypt]Three slaves and a stern Ramses II
Egypt's king, Ramses II, written about in the Old Testament, is now thought to have reigned between 1290-1224 B.C.E. The Egyptian wall art to the right depicts Ramses holding what is suspected to be three slaves. One is black, one appears to be East Asian, and the third, in the foreground, appears to be Semitic. The blacks and Semite came from close by. The East Asian leaves us wondering. (Photo)Cleopatra
Photos and images from exhibit: Cleopatra, the queen - egyptian archaeology photographic image of Naples, National Archaeological Musemu, painting of a woman, maybe Cleopatra VII, I century A.D. Cleopatra had the advantages that went with wealth. She was of Macedonia descent -- and whomever the royal Ptolemies mated with.Model Boat with Figures
Egyptian, Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII-XIII: Model Boat with Figures, c. 2052-1778 B.C. Wood with gesso and paint, H. 30 1/2 x W. 20 1/2 x L. 41 in. The North Carolina Museum of Art at North Carolina State University.Mummy Case of Djed Mout
Egyptian, Late Period, Dynasty XXII-XXXIII: Mummy Case of Djed Mout, c. 945-712 B.C. Wood with gesso and polychrome, H. 71 in. The North Carolina Museum of Art at North Carolina State University.Mummy Case of Amonred
Egyptian, Late Period: Mummy Case of Amonred; Dynasty XXII-XXXII, c.945-712 B.C. Wood, gesso, polychrome, H. 71 in. The North Carolina Museum of Art at North Carolina State University.Reliefs from the Tomb of Khnumti in Saqqarah
Egyptian, Old Kingdom, VI Dynasty; Reliefs from the Tomb of Khnumti in Saqqarah, 2420-2258 B.C. (#2) White limestone. The North Carolina Museum of Art at North Carolina State University.Bust of the Goddess Sekhmet
Egyptian, New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII; Bust of the Goddess Sekhmet, c. 1570-1340 B.C. Granite, H. 23 in. North Carolina Museum of Art- the Egyptian Collection.Map of the Nile Valley
from Talla to Geziret ShandawilGreat Sphinx from Gizeh
Great Sphinx from Gizeh: c2500 BC. 65 feet high [Image from Yale University]Great Pyramids of Gizeh
Great Pyramids of Gizeh: Khufu (Cheops) c2530 BC; Khafre (Chefren) c2500 BC; Mankure (Mycerinus) c2740 BC. [Image from Yale University]Court and Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser
Court and Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser: c2610-2600 BC; Saqqara. [Image from Yale University]Khafre from Gizeh
Khafre (Chefren) from Gizeh: c2500 BC. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Diorite 66" high. [Image from Yale University]Akhenaten
Akhenaten; c1375 BC. from a pillar statue in the Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Sandstone Approximately 13 feet high. [Image from Yale University]Palette of Narmer
Palette of Narmer: c3000 BC. from Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Slate 25" high. [Image from Yale University]Temple of Ramses II
Temple of Ramses II. Egypt, 19th Dynasty; Site: Abu Simbel (now relocated); Period Date: 1314-1197 BCE. Object Date: c.1275-1225 BCE. [Lots of images and enlargments]Death Mask of Tutankhamen
Death Mask of Tutankhamen from innermost coffin; Sculpture (gold with inlaid semi-precious stones). Egypt, 18th Dynasty. Site: Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen. Period Date: 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date: c. 1325 BCE. This mask of solid gold, beaten and burnished, was placed over the head and shoulders of Tutankhamun's mummy, outside the linen bandages in which the whole body was wrapped. It weighs about twenty - four pounds. Although it is difficult to judge how closely the face represents a true likeness of the king, it is at least an approximation. The rather narrow eyes, the shape of the nose, the fleshy lips, and the cast of the chin are all in agreement with the features visible in his mummy, and the whole countenance is unmistakably youthful. Perhaps it is slightly idealized, but essentially it seems to be a faithful portrait.Death Mask of Tutankhamen Image
Death Mask of Tutankhamen from innermost coffin; Sculpture (gold with inlaid semi-precious stones). Egypt, 18th Dynasty. Site: Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen. Period Date: 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date: c. 1325 BCE. The death mask really is magnificent even to someone with no knowledge of the finer points of Egyptian antiquities. Made of solid gold and inlaid with semi-precious stones, it weighs 11 kilograms. At the top you can see representations of a vulture and a cobra. You'll often see the latter referred to as a "uraeus", which is the Latinised form of the Greek word for "cobra"! Wallpaper images are available.Senmut with Princess Nefrua (block statue)
Senmut with Princess Nefrua (block statue); Medium Sculpture (carved granite); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c.1490-1460 BCE.Seated Scribe
Seated Scribe; Medium Sculpture (carved and painted limestone); Era or Culture Egypt, 5th Dynasty; Site Saqqara (from a mastaba tomb); Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 2565-2420 BCE. Object Date c. 2500-2400 BCE. Here is a good link full of images: http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/egyptian.htmlSeated Hatshepsut
Seated Hatshepsut: Medium Sculpture (carved limestone, partially restored); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Deir el Bahri; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1490-1460 BCE. Hatshepsut reign dates: c .1504-1482 BCE.Painted Chest
Painted Chest: Medium Applied Arts (wood chest with paint); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1325 BCE. Reign dates for Tutankhamen: c. 1334-1325 BCE.Small Throne of Tutankhamen
Small Throne of Tutankhamen: Medium Applied Arts (Wood covered with sheet gold and enamel); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1325 BCE. Reign dates for Tutankhamen: c. 1334-1325 BCE. The throne of Tutankhamen, with carved figures of the young pharaoh and his wife under the rays of the Sun, from his tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes, Egypt; in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Ency. Brit.Innermost Coffin of Tutankhamen
Innermost Coffin of Tutankhamen: Medium Sculpture (gold with inlaid semi-precious stones and enamel); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1325 BCE. Reign dates for Tutankhamen: c. 1334-1325 BCE.Innermost Coffin of Tutankhamen (side view)
Innermost Coffin of Tutankhamen: Medium Sculpture (gold with inlaid semi-precious stones and enamel); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1325 BCE. Reign dates for Tutankhamen: c. 1334-1325 BCE. [Image from Yale University]Portable Chest-Shrine with Anubis Figure
Portable Chest-Shrine with Anubis Figure: Medium Sculpture (carved wood, painted and gilded); Era or Culture Egypt, 18th Dynasty; Site Thebes, Tomb of Tutankhamen; Country Egypt (Ancient); Period Date 1570-1314 BCE. Object Date c. 1325 BCE. Reign dates for Tutankhamen: c. 1334-1325 BCE.King Menkaure and Kha-mere-nebty II
Egypt (Old Kingdom): King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen, Kha-mere-nebty II,: ca. 2548-2530 B.C. [Dynasty IV] Menkaure and His Queen 4th Dynasty 2548-2530 BCE Greywacke Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm) (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)King Menkaure and Kha-mere-nebty II Detailed
Egypt (Old Kingdom): King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen, Kha-mere-nebty II, Detail: ca. 2548-2530 B.C. Menkaure is portrayed in the familiar Egyptian pose standing as if at attention with his left leg extended forward, his arms held stiff at his sides, and his fists clenched holding some unidentified cylindrical objects. His stance appears assertive, indicative of his power. He is represented as a mature yet vigorous man, perhaps in his thirties, with slender hips, broad shoulders, and well-developed arms. His body has been made to appear lifelike and, except, as is common to all Egyptian statues, in such areas as the knees, which are over-emphasized, and the edge of the shin-bone, which is too sharp, is anatomically correct. Overall, he appears to represent the ideal of manly beauty in Old Kingdom Egypt. Menkaure's face also appears to have been idealized, though its features, which are not particularly refined or aristocratic looking, have been particularized to the degree that it strikes us as being a portrait. Projecting from his chin is a short transversely striped, squared-off, wedge-shaped ceremonial beard. On his head he wears a nemes, or headdress, the sides of which are pulled back behind his rather large ears, with the lappets falling to either side of his chest. The beard and the headdress are the primary symbols of his pharaonic status. Besides the headdress, the only other article of clothing he wears is a shendjyt kilt which is folded across the front, with one end falling down beneath, and held in place with a belt round his waist.Akhenaten
Supper Part of a Colossal Statue of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) JE 49258 Cairo Antiquity Museum Egypt (New Kingdom): Akhenaten: sunk relief from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII]. Art Images for College Teaching.Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Meketaten, and the Royal Princesses
Meketaten. Egypt (New Kingdom): Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the Royal Princesses: sunk relief fragment from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII] Art Images for College Teaching.Aten, the Solar Disk, Blessing the Royal family
Egypt (New Kingdom): Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the Royal Princesses: Aten, the Solar Disk, blessing the Royal family; detail of sunk relief fragment from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII]. AICT: Art Images for College Teaching.Akhenaten Daughter Meritaten
Egypt (New Kingdom): Akhenaten and his daughter Meritaten: detail, Left side, of sunk relief framgent from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII] AICT: Art Images for College Teaching.Nefertiti With Her Daughters
Egypt (New Kingdom): Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the Royal Princesses: Nefertiti with her daughters Maketaton and Ankhesenpaaton, detail R. of sunk relief frament from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1335 B.C. King Akhenaton (left) with his wife, Queen Nefertiti, and three of their daughters under the rays of the sun god Aton, altar relief, mid-14th century bc; in the State Museums at Berlin. Ency. Brit.Queen Nefertiti
Egypt (New Kingdom): Queen Nefertiti: (front view), ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII] Berlin, Germany: Altes Museum: bust of Queen Nefertiti (around 1340 BC)Queen Nefertiti (R. profile view)
Egypt (New Kingdom): Queen Nefertiti: (R. profile view), ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII] Nefertiti was the wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later Akhenaten), and mother-in-law of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Her name roughly translates to "the beautiful one is come". She also shares her name with a type of elongated gold bead that she was often portrayed as wearing, known as "nefer" beads. Famed throughout the ancient world for her outstanding beauty, Nefertiti remains the one of the most well known Queen of Egypt. Though Akhenaten had several wives, Queen Nefertiti was his chief wife.Queen Nefertiti (Rear View)
Egypt (New Kingdom): Queen Nefertiti: (Rear view), ca. 1350 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII]Royal Couple in a Garden
Egypt (New Kingdom): Royal Couple in a Garden (Semenkhkare and Meritaten?): ca. 1335 B.C. [Dynasty XVIII]Ancient Egypt: the Mythology
Ancient Egypt: the Mythology is a comprehensive site on ancient Egyptian mythology. It contains over 40 gods and goddesses, 30 symbols and complete myths. Also view their featured are articles about egyptian culture and history. The website is divided into five major sections: the Gods An encyclopedia of the major gods and goddesses in Egyptian mythology. Most Popular: Bastet, Anubis, Osiris New entries: Renenutet, Baal, Ihy, Reshep the Myths The major myths & folktales of the ancient Egypt. Most Popular: Isis & Osiris, The Story of Re, The Great Queen Hatshepsut the Symbols A guide to common symbols in ancient Egyptian art and religion. Most Popular: Scarab, Colors, Eye of Horus the Land Articles about Egyptian religion as practiced in local cult centers like Thebes, Memphis & Heliopolis. Also, includes articles about Egyptian history & daily life. Most Popular: the Ennead of Heliopolis, Common Myths about Cleopatra, the Funerary Texts the Resources A collection of links to other quality websites about ancient Egypt. [Mythology and Religion]The Probert Egyptian Mythology Encyclopaedia
Brief explanations and searchable [Mythology and Religion]Encyclopaedia Mythica
Great resouce for many various ancient mythologies. The indigenous beliefs of ancient Egypt from predynastic times (4th millennium BC) to the disappearance of the traditional culture in the first centuries AD. [Mythology and Religion]Christus Rex et Redemptor Mundi
Vast resource, scholarly, and devotional [Mythology and Religion]Coptologia
Christianity in Egypt through the ages. As an overdue inquiry into the rich world of the Copto-Pharaonic heritage, this research publication attempts to fill a lacuna which is deeply felt by Coptologists, Mid-Eastern scholars and Egyptologists. The main objective is to increase awareness of an indispensable area that has long been minimized or deplorably neglected particularly in the West.Great African Queens
Known and unknown [People in History]Archaeologists find new treasures of ancient Egypt
GIZA, Egypt (CNN) -- Archaeologists have uncovered new treasures of ancient Egypt: three exquisitely preserved wooden statues of a royal palace official, a small pyramid of an Old Kingdom queen and part of the queen's temple. "This discovery proves that you never know what the sand of Egypt hides in secrets," said Professor Zahi Hawass, director of the antiquities-rich Giza plateau. [archaeology]Centre for Archaeology at Monash University
in Victoria, Australia. Currently excavating in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt; Dakhleh Oasis lies 800km south-west of Cairo and has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Situated above artesian springs, Dakhleh Oasis forms part of a chain of oases and trade routes that start in the Nile Valley in the north of the country and rejoin the river at modern Luxor, Aswan and in the northern Sudan.Cleopatra's Children
Check out this unique series brought to you by Bible History Online Includes Real Audio. Trace the interesting history of the children of the great Queen of Egypt [Ancient Egypt Rome] [People] [Cleopatra]Brittanica Ancient Web sites
Provides vast resources chosen and rated by the editors [Ancient History]Who Was Who Among the Royal Mummies
Identifying Egyptian Mummies [People in History]Myths & Legends
Quite exhaustive. Indicies and site reviews Encyclopedias, Dictionaries and Archives Offline sources Myth and Story Collections Essays and Commentary Creatures of Myth and Legend Miscellany [Myths and Mythology]Cleopatra, the Last Pharaoh
When Cleopatra VII ascended the Egyptian throne, she was only seventeen. She reigned as Queen Philopator and Pharaoh between 51 and 30 BC, and died at the age of 39. Before glancing at Cleopatra's reign, let us first have a look at the keys to her rise and fall. The demise of the Ptolemies power coincided with the rise of the Roman Empire. Having little choice, and seeing city after the other falling into Rome's grip, the Ptolemies decided to ally with the Romans, a pact that lasted for two centuries. During the rule of the later Ptolemies, Rome gained more and more power over Egypt, and was even declared guardian of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII had to pay tribute to the Romans to keep them away from his Kingdom. Upon his death, the fall of the Dynasty seemed even closer. [People in History] [Tools and Searches]Siege Warfare in Ancient Egypt
It is clear that the Egyptians did posses the means to conduct siege warfare, though in reality, like other powers in the region such as the Assyrian, they tried to avoid this type of battle where possible. They preferred, rather, to force a military decision on the battlefield. However, with the large number of fortified cities throughout Israel and Canaan, they were forced to employ siege warfare at times, though they were probably less adapt at this form of battle then some of their neighbors. [General Ancient War Links]Coins references/bibliography
Nicely done, in color. [Ancient Near East] [Coins]The Egyptian calendar
The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on the moon's cycles, but the lunar calendar failed to predict a critical event in their lives: the annual flooding of the Nile river. The Egyptians soon noticed that the first day the "Dog Star," which we call Sirius, in Canis Major was visible right before sunrise was special. The Egyptians were probably the first to adopt a mainly solar calendar. This so-called 'heliacal rising' always preceded the flood by a few days. Based on this knowledge, they devised a 365-day calendar that seems to have begun in 4236 B.C., the earliest recorded year in history.A Timeline Of Ancient Egypt
Theban mapping project presents a timeline on ancient Egypt from Dynasty I in 3100 BC to Roman Emperors in 395 AD. In A.D. 395, a separation occurred between the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire, leaving Constantinople with the supremacy of the East. Egypt maintained its role as grain provider for the Empire, but Alexandria lost its predominant position to Constantinople. As a consequence, Egypt was left out of the conflicts created by the imperial successions and international politics.A Timeline of the New Kingdom
Theban Mapping Project presents a timeline on the New Kingdom. It goes from 1546 BC with Ahmes I to 1070 BC with Rameses XI. Pictures are included. Dynasty 18 through Dynasty 20, known as the New Kingdom, witnessed a time of international prestige and prosperity for Egypt. The kings of this period conducted extensive military [14770], diplomatic and trade relations with Nubians as far south as the Fourth Cataract in Nubia, with the Hittite Empire and the city states as far north as far as the Euphrates River in Syria, and with other Mediterranean states. In some areas Egypt exercised outright control. Several New Kingdom pharaohs (Thutmes IV, Amenhetep III and Rameses II) strengthened their international relations by marrying the daughters of foreign monarchs, and building Egyptian temples in foreign outposts [14278]. Foreigners were also active in all levels of Egyptian society, from slaves to personal aides to the king. Egyptian religion, language and art received some influences from these foreign contacts.History Timeline of Ancient Egypt
Greek Dynasty- (332 - 30 B.C.)Persian Period II - (342 - 332 B.C.)
Late Period II - (425 - 342 B.C.)
Persian Period I - (517 - 425 B.C.)
Late Period I - (1069 - 517 B.C.)
New Kingdom -(1550 - 1069 B.C.E.)
Intermediate Period II - (1650 - 1550 B.C.)
Middle Kingdom - (2125 - 1650 B.C.)
Intermediate Period I -(2181 - 2125 B.C.)
Old Kingdom - (3100 - 2181 B.C.E.)
Archaic Period - (3414 - 3100 B.C.)
Predynastic Period - (5464 - 3414 B.C.)
Egyption Kings
A timeline that starts with the 1st Dynasty from 3050 - 2890 with the Egyption Kings and ends at Roman Emperors such as Augustus in 30 B.C. - 14 A.D.Timeline of Ancient Egyptian History
The History of Ancient Egypt. Dynasties. Periods. Significant People. Timeline of Ancient Egyptian History. (Contains a chronological timeline with things such as periods and dynasties.) Also includes a tour of the houses of Caesar, Mark, Antony, and Cleopatry.Table of Events
A timeline table of events that goes from Predynastic Period (c.5000-31000 BC)aboutThe kingdom of the Red Land all the way to the New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)1113-1085: Ramesses XI.Ancient Egypt History Timeline
A timeline from 6500-2900 BC the Neolithic Period to 1453 AD when Eastern Rome dissolves.Biographical Egyption Timeline
Grolier Electronic Publishing presents a complete biographical timeline starting with the early cultures like the Inca's all the way to the New Kingdom with the Pharaoh's.Egyption Chronology
Mark T. Rigby presents a timeline dating from Pre-Dynastic Period: c.5000-3100 BC to Roman Period: 30 BC-c.AD 450.Dynasty
Historical Timeline of Ancient Egypt. Includes the Largest Ancient Egyptian photo gallery on the internet.Shabti - Servants For The Afterlife
In Ancient Egyptian burial it was important that the deceased had a workforce to carry out their every day tasks in the underworld so they would not have to dirty their hands. Originally in high ranking Old Kingdom burials servants were buried with their masters. It is not known if these were sacrifices, or people honored with a resting place beside their King when they died.Thoth
The god Thoth was worshiped in the form of an Ibis, and is often shown in human form with the unusual head of that bird. Thoth was primarily thought to be the god of wisdom. He was patron of arts and science and also the patron god of scribes. He was the inventor of the words of god, or Hieroglyphs.Osiris And Isis
Osiris is perhaps the most famous of the gods of Ancient Egypt. Here he is shown in his typical guise as a mummified pharaoh holding the hook and flail, the traditional symbols of royal authority. Osiris is usually depicted wearing the feathered Atef crown.Egyptian Book of the Dead
1240 BC The Papyrus of Ani Parts Translated by E.A. Wallis Budge and Allen and Faulkner. An Introduction to the Book of the Dead by Marie ParsonsMummy Masks - Faces Of The Dead
Masks were a very important aspect of Ancient Egyptian burials. In common with the anthropoid coffin they provided the dead with a face in the afterlife. In addition they also enabled the spirit to recognise the body.Ancient Sudan/Nubia Site Map
Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. This first installment of the Oriental Institute Map Series presents seven Site Maps covering the ancient Near East (Egypt, Sudan, The Levant, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), locating primary archaeological sites, modern cities, and river courses set against a plain background. They enlarge to 300 dpi.Map of Trade Routes and Empires
Map of Trade Routes and great empires of the 1st Century AD.The Giza Plateau.
"From atop these pyramids, forty centuries look down upon you." -- Napoleon Bonaparte to his soldiers before the Battle of Giza, 1798 When Khufu, perhaps better known by his Greek name, Cheops, became king of Egypt after the death of Sneferu, there was no convenient space remaining at Dahshur, where Sneferu was buried, for Khufu's own pyramid complex. Hence, he moved his court and residence farther north, where his prospectors had located a commanding rock cliff, overlooking present day Giza, appropriate for a towering pyramid. This rock cliff was in the northernmost part of the first Lower Egyptian nome, Ineb-hedj ("the white fortress"). Giza is located only a few kilometers south of Cairo, several hundred meters from the last houses in the southernmost part of the city proper, where a limestone cliff rises abruptly from the other side of a sandy desert plateau. The ancient Egyptians called this place imentet, "The West" or kher neter, "the necropolis". [images] [Archaeology]The Sphinx
The Sphinx of Giza is a symbol that has represented the essence of Egypt for thousands of years. Even with all of the pictures that we see of the Sphinx, nothing can really prepare you for the time that you finally see the Sphinx with your own eyes. Here's a look at the Sphinx that will give you a hint of what you can expect to see if you visit Egypt. [images] [Archaeology]Guardian's Giza - The Great Pyramid
The Great Pyramid The Pyramid of Khufu See a plan of the interior READ about the pyramid. After the Great Pyramid was initially sealed, it's original entrance was hidden and faced with smooth limestone. Because this blended in so well with the surrounding casing, the opening was invisible. Around 820 AD, Abdullah Al Mamun mobilized men to bore a tunnel into the pyramid to search for chambers and treasure. Due to the difficulty of the task of breaking up the hard rock, fires were built to heat the rock and then cold vinegar was poured over the heated rock. Battering rams were used to pound away the weakened rock and clear a tunnel. Eventually, a passageway was found which descended into the lowest chamber of the pyramid. Following this passageway back upward, the original entrance was finally located. In these pictures of the NORTH side you can see the intrusive entrance lower down, and the original entrance higher up flanked by angled stones [images] [Egypt]EGYPT - Abu Simbel
Tour Egypt: Perhaps after the Giza pyramids, or coincident with them, the great temple of Abu Simbel presents the most familiar image of ancient Egypt to the modern traveler and reader. When the conservation efforts to preserve the temple from the soon-to be built High Aswan Dam and its rising waters were begun in the 1960s, images of the colossal statues filled newspapers and books. The temples were dismantled and relocated in 1968 on the desert plateau, 200 feet above and 600 feet west of their original location. Abu Simbel lies south of Aswan on the western bank of the Nile, 180 miles south of the First Cataract in what was Nubia. The site was known as Meha in ancient times and was first documented in the 18th Dynasty, when Ay and Horemheb had rock-cut chapels hewn in the hills to the south. Also see the Photographic Archive Series (with high resolution photos) at the Oriental Institute, University of Chicagohttp://www-oi.uchicago.edu
EGYPT - Luxor
Lots of nice photos.EGYPT - Sakkara
Tour Egypt - An Overview of Saqqara Proper in Egypt. Also see the Photographic Archive Series with high resolution photos. Oriental Institute, University of ChicagoEGYPT - Tutankhamun Statue
Photographic Archive Series with high resolution photos. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.Thebes Photographic Project
Photographic Archive Series (with high resolution photos)Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
http://www-oi.uchicago.edu
Clickable Mummy
Welcome to the Clickable Mummy. Click on different parts of the Mummy to view interesting facts and information about the mummification process. The mummy shown here dates from the Roman Period. It has a distinctive painting inlaid into the head part, and is intricately bandaged and studded. The feet are molded in gold painted plaster, which is typical of the period.Coffin Art - Birds
A common feature of coffin art, especially from the Middle Kingdom, was the inclusion of divine wings wrapped around the deceased. These symbolised the that the deceased was blessed with divine protection in the afterlifeAncient Egypt Images
Ancient Egypt Images is a curated collection of visual artifacts that offers a captivating glimpse into the vibrant and enigmatic civilization that flourished along the Nile River for millennia. This online repository provides a treasure trove of imagery, encompassing the art, architecture, daily life, and spiritual beliefs of ancient Egyptians.
The collection features a diverse array of images that capture the essence of ancient Egyptian culture. These include intricate hieroglyphics adorning temple walls, majestic pyramids rising from the desert sands, stunning sculptures that immortalize pharaohs and deities, and depictions of daily activities, from farming to craftsmanship.
Ancient Egypt Images also showcases the ornate jewelry, textiles, and pottery that adorned ancient Egyptians, revealing their mastery of craftsmanship and artistic expression. Additionally, the collection offers insights into the religious rituals, burial practices, and beliefs that shaped their worldview, with images of temples, funerary art, and representations of gods and goddesses.
By presenting this visual tapestry, Ancient Egypt Images invites viewers to travel back in time, envisioning the people, places, and moments that defined this extraordinary civilization. The images offer a tangible connection to the past, allowing us to appreciate the ingenuity, creativity, and spirituality that characterized ancient Egyptian society.
Whether for educational purposes, research, or personal exploration, Ancient Egypt Images serves as a virtual window into a world that has captivated human curiosity for centuries. It not only celebrates the artistic legacy of ancient Egypt but also offers a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical dynamics that continue to resonate in the modern world.
Netherlands Institute for the Near East
The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, also known as NINO, is a distinguished academic institution dedicated to the study and exploration of the ancient civilizations and cultures of the Near East. Situated in the Netherlands, NINO serves as a hub for scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts seeking to delve into the rich history, languages, archaeology, and art of this significant region.
Founded in 1939, NINO boasts an impressive collection of artifacts, texts, and resources that illuminate the legacies of ancient Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, and other neighboring cultures. Through its library, archives, and research projects, NINO contributes to the advancement of knowledge and scholarship in the field of Near Eastern studies.
NINO's commitment to academic excellence is evident through its publications, seminars, lectures, and collaborations with international institutions. Whether you're a student, researcher, or simply fascinated by the historical treasures of the Near East, NINO offers a unique opportunity to engage with the complexities and wonders of this culturally rich and historically significant region.
A New Light On Ancient Art
"A New Light On Ancient Art" is an illuminating exhibition that redefines our understanding of the artistic achievements of ancient civilizations. This captivating showcase invites visitors to look beyond the surface and explore the innovative techniques, cultural nuances, and symbolism that have shaped the artistic legacy of antiquity.
Through intricate analyses, cutting-edge technology, and meticulous research, "A New Light On Ancient Art" uncovers hidden details and narratives within ancient artifacts. From sculptures and pottery to intricate textiles and delicate jewelry, the exhibition offers a fresh perspective on the craftsmanship and artistry that flourished in societies long past.
This exhibition sheds light on the historical contexts, influences, and societal values that informed ancient artistic expressions. With interactive displays and expert insights, visitors are invited to witness the vibrant colors, nuanced textures, and multifaceted meanings that have remained concealed for centuries.
Whether you're an art enthusiast, a history buff, or simply curious about the evolution of artistic techniques, "A New Light On Ancient Art" offers an engaging opportunity to reimagine the beauty and significance of ancient artifacts in a contemporary context. This exhibition transcends time, connecting the past with the present and inviting visitors to view ancient art through a fresh and enlightening lens.
Pyramids - The Inside Story
"Pyramids: The Inside Story" is a captivating journey that delves beyond the iconic exteriors of Egypt's ancient pyramids to reveal the intricate mysteries concealed within. This immersive experience invites visitors to uncover the architectural marvels, cultural significance, and enigmatic rituals that shaped the construction of these monumental structures.
Through interactive exhibits, expert insights, and multimedia presentations, "Pyramids: The Inside Story" offers a unique opportunity to explore the engineering brilliance of the ancient Egyptians. Visitors can virtually step into the shoes of architects and laborers, gaining insights into the complex planning, precision measurements, and ingenious techniques that enabled the construction of these towering edifices.
The exhibition also delves into the spiritual and cultural contexts that gave rise to the pyramids. From the beliefs about the afterlife to the roles of pharaohs and their societies, visitors can unearth the symbolism and rituals that surround these awe-inspiring monuments.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply captivated by the allure of ancient Egypt, "Pyramids: The Inside Story" offers an immersive voyage through time, inviting you to unravel the layers of history, innovation, and belief that continue to resonate through the ages.
Nubia Exhibits
The Nubia Exhibits at the Oriental Institute Museum, affiliated with the University of Chicago, provide a captivating window into the ancient civilization of Nubia. Nestled within the renowned museum's halls, these exhibits shed light on the rich heritage of Nubia, a region located along the Nile River's southern reaches.
Through a curated collection of artifacts, interactive displays, and scholarly insights, the Nubia Exhibits offer visitors a comprehensive understanding of Nubian culture, history, and contributions to the ancient world. From the majestic kingdom of Kush to the intriguing connections with neighboring Egypt, these exhibits showcase the diverse aspects of Nubia's past.
Visitors can explore the craftsmanship of Nubian artisans, marvel at the exquisite jewelry, pottery, and sculptures that reflect the cultural vibrancy of the region. The exhibits also delve into the significance of Nubia's relationship with Egypt, highlighting trade, diplomacy, and the exchange of ideas.
The Oriental Institute Museum's commitment to education and preservation is evident in its efforts to present Nubian history in a context that resonates with modern audiences. By engaging with the Nubia Exhibits, visitors can connect with the ancient stories, traditions, and legacies that continue to shape our understanding of the intricate tapestry of human history.
Nubia, Its Glory and its People,
1987 ExhibitionThe Papyrus of Ani (Egyptian Book of the Dead)
The Papyrus of Ani, also known as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, is a remarkable ancient Egyptian manuscript that offers a profound glimpse into the beliefs and rituals surrounding death and the afterlife. Dating back to the New Kingdom period, this papyrus is one of the most well-preserved and comprehensive examples of its kind.
Written on a long scroll of papyrus, the Book of the Dead is a compilation of spells, prayers, and instructions meant to guide and assist the deceased on their journey through the underworld and into the afterlife. The text addresses various challenges and obstacles that the soul might encounter, including judgment, navigating through various realms, and ultimately achieving eternal life.
The Papyrus of Ani features intricate illustrations alongside the text, depicting scenes of gods, magical creatures, and the deceased engaging in rituals and activities crucial for a successful transition to the afterlife. These vivid vignettes provide valuable insights into ancient Egyptian beliefs, funeral practices, and the journey of the soul.
Today, the Papyrus of Ani serves as a valuable source for understanding ancient Egyptian cosmology, spirituality, and funerary traditions. It offers a unique window into the cultural and religious worldview of a civilization that revered the afterlife as a continuation of life on Earth and sought to ensure a prosperous and harmonious existence in eternity.
Portals To Eternity: Necropolis at Terenouthis
"Portals to Eternity: Necropolis at Terenouthis" is a captivating archaeological exhibition that unveils the secrets of an ancient Egyptian necropolis, providing a window into the beliefs, rituals, and artistry of a bygone civilization. This immersive experience takes visitors on a journey through time, immersing them in the vibrant history of Terenouthis, an ancient city in Egypt.
Through meticulously curated artifacts, intricate funerary objects, and multimedia presentations, "Portals to Eternity" transports visitors to the heart of the ancient necropolis. The exhibition sheds light on the diverse aspects of life and death in Terenouthis, showcasing the ornate burial practices, the cultural significance of tombs, and the exquisite craftsmanship that adorned these resting places.
With a focus on the intersection of life and the afterlife, the exhibition reveals the belief systems, religious practices, and artistic traditions that shaped the inhabitants' perception of eternity. Visitors can explore the fascinating stories of individuals interred in the necropolis and the connections between their world and the realm of the divine.
"Portals to Eternity: Necropolis at Terenouthis" offers an opportunity to engage with the captivating narrative of an ancient community and its enduring quest for understanding the mysteries of life, death, and the beyond. Whether you're an archaeology enthusiast, a history lover, or simply curious about the profound cultural legacy of ancient Egypt, this exhibition offers an immersive and enlightening experience that bridges the gap between the past and the present.
The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh
...1883. Sir Flinders Petrie's 1st Edition online which surveys the Gizaplateau pyramids.Ancient Nubia
Nubia was also called - Upper & Lower Nubia, Kush, Land of Kush, Te-Nehesy, Nubadae, Napata, or the Kingdom of Meroei. The region referred to as Lower Egypt is the northernmost portion. Upper Nubia extends south into Sudan and can be subdivided into several separate areas such as Batn El Hajar or "Belly of Rocks", the sands of the Abri-Delgo Reach, or the flat plains of the Dongola Reach. Nubia, the hottest and most arid region of the world, has caused many civilizations to be totally dependent on the Nile for existence.3D models of Ancient Egypt
Experience the wonders of Ancient Egypt like never before through meticulously crafted 3D models that bring this captivating civilization to life. These immersive digital recreations allow you to explore the grandeur of the pyramids, the intricate details of hieroglyphs, and the majestic architecture of temples—all from the comfort of your own device.
Step into the sandals of ancient inhabitants as you virtually navigate through bustling marketplaces, stroll along the banks of the Nile, and marvel at the iconic Sphinx. These 3D models provide an interactive window into the daily life, culture, and innovations of a civilization that has intrigued the world for centuries.
Whether you're an avid history buff, a student of archaeology, or simply curious about the mystique of Ancient Egypt, these 3D models offer a unique opportunity to uncover the treasures of the past in a dynamic and visually captivating manner. Witness the intersection of technology and archaeology as you explore the enigmatic realm of pharaohs, gods, and timeless wonders.
Roman Portraits from Egypt
Located some one hundred kilometers south of Cairo, Fayyum is a green and fertile region in a vast circular depression. Its diameter from east to west is approximately 60 kilometers, northwest of the lake of Birket Qarun. The ancient Egyptians called this region Mer-our (The Great Lake). Fayyum played a significant role during the 12th Dynasty, and later under the Ptolemies. The Fayyum portraits conflict in an intriguing manner, scattered as they are around the world in museums and collections and, which, here, bring together the image to be viewed as a whole. An ideal museum, which may be visited city by city, to which we soon become attached, to the extent that, during the visit, already familiar traits await us, as one of this art's truly ambiguous features is its ability to multiply effigies which, at first sight, quickly, even too quickly, elicit a feeling of déjà -vu. Here is the work belonging to the Basel Museum.Room in the Egyptian Museum (Vatican)
Step into a realm of ancient marvels within the hallowed halls of the Egyptian Museum in the Vatican. As you enter, a meticulously recreated room welcomes you to a world of antiquity and fascination. This room is a treasure trove of artifacts, sculptures, and relics that offer an intimate glimpse into the mysteries of ancient Egypt.
Admire the intricate hieroglyphs adorning the walls, telling stories of pharaohs, gods, and daily life. Marvel at the lifelike sculptures that bring ancient personalities to life, and immerse yourself in the atmosphere of an Egyptian tomb. The room exudes an aura of reverence and discovery, inviting you to contemplate the awe-inspiring achievements of a civilization that has captured humanity's imagination for millennia.
As you wander through this room, you'll find yourself transported to a bygone era—a testament to the enduring allure of Egypt's rich history. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an art aficionado, or simply curious about the legacy of ancient Egypt, this room in the Egyptian Museum at the Vatican offers a captivating experience that bridges the gap between the ancient and the modern.
Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser
The Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser stands as a remarkable testament to the architectural ingenuity and cultural significance of ancient Egypt. Located in Saqqara, this complex is a masterpiece of the Old Kingdom period and represents one of the earliest pyramid structures in history.
Commissioned by Pharaoh Djoser and designed by the visionary architect Imhotep, the Step Pyramid Complex is a groundbreaking architectural achievement. It features a series of stepped layers, or mastabas, stacked on top of each other, culminating in a pyramid shape. This innovative design marked a departure from earlier flat-topped mastaba tombs, giving rise to the evolution of true pyramid construction.
The complex is not only a monumental tomb but also a sprawling architectural ensemble. It includes various structures, such as courtyards, chapels, and underground galleries, reflecting the complex rituals and beliefs of ancient Egyptian society. The Step Pyramid itself was a focal point for religious and funerary activities, symbolizing the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife.
The Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser serves as a window into the ancient Egyptian worldview, their reverence for their rulers, and their architectural prowess. It showcases the enduring legacy of a civilization that held the pyramid as a symbol of power, spirituality, and everlasting life. Today, the complex stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, drawing visitors from around the world to marvel at its historical and architectural significance.
The people of ancient Egypt
The people of ancient Egypt form a diverse tapestry of individuals who contributed to the rich and complex civilization that flourished along the Nile River for millennia. From farmers to pharaohs, priests to craftsmen, the society of ancient Egypt encompassed a wide range of roles and classes that together created a vibrant and enduring culture.
At the pinnacle of this society were the pharaohs, revered as both political rulers and divine figures. They held the responsibility of maintaining harmony between the earthly and spiritual realms, overseeing monumental construction projects, and guiding the destinies of their people.
Priests played a crucial role in facilitating religious rituals, interpreting omens, and maintaining the connections between the gods and the people. Artists and craftsmen contributed their skills to creating elaborate tombs, sculptures, paintings, and jewelry that continue to captivate and inspire modern audiences.
Farmers and laborers formed the backbone of ancient Egyptian society, cultivating the fertile lands along the Nile and contributing to the agricultural abundance that sustained the population. Traders navigated the river and established trade routes that connected Egypt to neighboring lands, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
Throughout all levels of society, the ancient Egyptians were bound by a deep reverence for their gods and a belief in an afterlife. Elaborate burial practices, intricate tombs, and meticulous preparations for the journey to the next world underscored the people's spiritual devotion and their desire for eternal existence.
The people of ancient Egypt collectively shaped the civilization's enduring legacy through their contributions in governance, art, religion, and everyday life. Their stories and achievements continue to fascinate scholars, historians, and enthusiasts, offering a glimpse into a culture that thrived along the banks of the Nile for thousands of years.
Tomb of Niankhkhanum and Khanumhotep
In 1964 in the ancient necropolis of Saqqara, Egyptian archaeologist Ahmed Moussa discovered a series of tombs with rock-cut passages in the escarpment facing the causeway that lead to the pyramid of Unas. Soon after the Chief Inspector Mounir Basta reported crawling on his hands and knees through the passages, entering one of the Old Kingdom tombs.Torso of Pharaoh Nectanebo I (Graphic)
The graphic depiction of the Torso of Pharaoh Nectanebo I offers a visual glimpse into the regal splendor of ancient Egypt's rulers. This artistic rendering captures the essence of a powerful and enigmatic pharaoh, Nectanebo I, who reigned during the 4th century BCE.
With meticulous attention to detail, the graphic showcases the torso of this royal figure, highlighting intricate hieroglyphs, ornate jewelry, and the distinctive headdress that symbolized his authority. The rendering allows viewers to appreciate the artistry and symbolism that were central to ancient Egyptian depictions of pharaohs, reflecting their divine status and their connection to the gods.
Nectanebo I, known for his military successes and architectural endeavors, ruled during a period of transition in Egypt's history. The graphic of his torso provides a window into the aesthetics and symbolism that defined his reign, offering a glimpse into the visual language of a civilization that continues to captivate and intrigue modern audiences.
Whether you're an art enthusiast, a history buff, or simply drawn to the mystique of ancient Egypt, the graphic of the Torso of Pharaoh Nectanebo I offers a unique opportunity to connect with the artistic and historical legacy of a bygone era.
Egyptology - Near Eastern Languages & Cultures
Egyptology within the field of Near Eastern Languages & Cultures is a captivating academic discipline that unravels the mysteries of ancient Egypt's language, culture, history, and civilization. As a specialized branch of the broader study of Near Eastern languages and cultures, Egyptology focuses on the Nile Valley's rich heritage, offering a deep dive into the complexities of this ancient civilization.
Scholars and researchers in Egyptology explore a vast array of topics, from deciphering hieroglyphs and studying monumental architecture to analyzing religious beliefs, societal structures, and artistic achievements. The discipline delves into the dynasties of pharaohs, the grandeur of the pyramids, the significance of tombs, and the nuanced symbolism of artifacts.
By examining ancient texts, inscriptions, papyri, and archaeological findings, Egyptologists piece together the story of a civilization that thrived for thousands of years along the banks of the Nile. This interdisciplinary field connects linguistic analysis, historical investigation, and archaeological exploration to reveal the multifaceted facets of Egypt's past.
Egyptology within the realm of Near Eastern Languages & Cultures provides a profound window into the cultural legacy of ancient Egypt, shedding light on its contributions to art, science, governance, and spirituality. This study fosters a deeper understanding of the interplay between ancient societies, languages, and the enduring influence of Egypt on the wider Near Eastern region and the world at large.
The University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition
The University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition is a distinguished archaeological endeavor that has been dedicated to uncovering the mysteries of ancient Egypt for decades. Led by a team of dedicated scholars, researchers, and experts, this expedition has played a pivotal role in expanding our understanding of Egypt's rich history, culture, and civilization.
With a focus on excavation, preservation, and scholarly analysis, the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition has unearthed remarkable artifacts, structures, and insights from various archaeological sites across Egypt. These findings offer invaluable glimpses into the daily lives, rituals, and achievements of the ancient Egyptians.
Through meticulous excavation and interdisciplinary research, the expedition contributes to a broader understanding of the Nile Valley's past, including the societal dynamics, architectural innovations, and religious practices that characterized this remarkable civilization. By collaborating with local communities and international institutions, the expedition fosters a holistic approach to archaeological exploration.
The University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition stands as a beacon of scholarly dedication, preserving the legacy of ancient Egypt while fostering connections between the past and the present. Its contributions continue to shape our understanding of the human experience, inspiring curiosity and discovery in the realm of archaeology and beyond.
Egyptology. Ancient History, Archaeology & Culture
Egyptology, situated at the crossroads of ancient history, archaeology, and cultural studies, is a captivating field that unlocks the secrets of one of the world's most iconic civilizations—ancient Egypt. This multidisciplinary discipline delves into the rich tapestry of Egypt's past, encompassing its monumental architecture, intricate hieroglyphs, enigmatic artifacts, and profound cultural heritage.
As a branch of archaeology and historical research, Egyptology focuses on deciphering the mysteries of ancient Egyptian society, from the majestic pyramids and awe-inspiring temples to the stories of pharaohs, artisans, and common people who lived along the Nile River millennia ago. This exploration extends to unraveling the religious beliefs, societal structures, and technological innovations that shaped this remarkable civilization.
Egyptology isn't merely about uncovering artifacts; it's about piecing together the puzzle of an entire civilization. By analyzing hieroglyphic texts, inscriptions, art, and architecture, Egyptologists provide insights into the lives, rituals, and cosmology of ancient Egyptians. They investigate burial practices, decipher scripts, and study everything from mummies to monumental tombs.
Moreover, Egyptology bridges the past and the present, fostering a deeper understanding of how ancient Egyptian culture influences modern perceptions of art, religion, and even pop culture. The field offers a lens through which we can view the roots of human expression, governance, and spirituality.
For enthusiasts, scholars, and history lovers alike, Egyptology is a gateway to an enchanting world that continues to resonate through the ages. It's a journey that unearths treasures, unlocks the past, and celebrates a civilization that has left an indelible mark on our shared human narrative.
Alexandria, Egypt
The City of Alexandria, Egypt - The Building of Alexandria - The second largest city in Egypt, Alexandria, known as "The Pearl of the Mediterranean", has an atmosphere that is more Mediterranean than Middle Eastern ; its ambience and cultural heritage distance it from the rest of the country although it is actually only 225 km. from Cairo. Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, Alexandria became the capital of Graeco-Roman Egypt, its status as a beacon of culture symbolized by Pharos, the legendary lighthouse that was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The setting for the stormy relationship between Cleopatra and Mark Antony, Alexandria was also the center of learning in the ancient world. But ancient Alexandria declined, and when Napoleon landed, he found a sparsely populated fishing village. From the 19th century Alexandria took a new role, as a focus for Egypt's commercial and maritime expansion. This Alexandria has been immortalized by writers such as E-M- Forster and Cavafy. Generations of immigrants from Greece, Italy and the Levant settled here and made the city synonymous with commerce, cosmopolitanism and bohemian culture. Alexandria is a city to explore at random. It's as important to enjoy the atmosphere as it is to see the sights. Old Alexandria - Dinocrates built the Heptastadion, the causeway between Pharos and the mainland. This divided the harbors into the Western and Eastern. The Eastern harbor was really where the old harbor from the Middle Ages was located.Ancient Egyptian History and Documents
Index of Ancient Documents Pharaonic Related 400 Year Stela, The Abbott Papyrus: An investigation into tomb robberies held under Ramses IX Admonitions of Ipuwer, The Astarte and the Insatiable Sea Autobiography of Ahmose, Son of Abana, The Autobiography of Ankhtifi, The Autobiography of Bekenkhonsu, The Autobiography of Ahmose Pen-nekhbet (18th dynasty) Battle of Kadesh, Egyptian Account of Battle of Kadesh, Egyptian Account of (Poem) Battle of Megiddo, Egyptian Account of (c. 1482 BC) Bentrech Stele, The Biography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet Blinding of Truth by Falsehood, The Book of the Dead Contendings of Horus and Seth, The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden Edict of Horemheb, The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus Eloquent Peasant, The Tale of Famine Stele, The Ghost Story, A History of Creation, The Hymn to the Aten, The Hymn of Merneptah Hymn to the Nile (c. 2100 BC) Hymn to Osiris and the Legend of the Origin of Horus, A Hymn to Senusret III Ideal autobiography (18th dynasty) Ikhernofret's Description of the Osiris Passion Play at Abydos Inscription (Autobiography) of Wini, The Inscriptions from the Tomb of Harkhuf Inscription of Kamose Inscriptions of Kheti II (First Intermediate Period Inscription of Ptahshepses, The Instruction of Amenemope, The Instructions of Kagemni, The Instructions of Khety (Middle Kingdom) Inscription of Khnumhotep (12th dynasty) Installation of the Vizier, The Koller Papyrus - Model letter: The equipment of a Syrian expedition Koller Papyrus: Warnings to the idle scribe Koller Papyrus: A letter concerning Nubian tribute Legend of Horus of Behutet and the Winged Disk, The Legend of Ra and Isis, The Legend of the Destruction of Mankind, The Loyalist Instruction from the Sehetepibre Stela, The Man Who was Tired of Life, The The Magic Book of Princess Ahura (c. 1100 BC) Mouse as Vizier Naukratis Decree Negative Confessions from the Papyrus of Ani, The Peace Treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusili III Precepts of the prefect, the lord Ptah-hotep (c. 2200 BC) Prophecies of Neferti, The Quarrel of Apophis and Seknenre, The Restoration Stele of Tutankhumn (c. 1330 BC) Semna stela of the viceroy Merimose (18th dynasty) Shabaka Stone, The Shipwrecked Sailor, The (c. 2200 BC) Stela of King Nesbanebded (Smendes I) Commemorating the re-opening of the quarry at Geelein Stela of Piye Story of Sinuhe, The Taking of Joppa, The Tale of the Doomed Prince Tale of Two Brothers, The Turin King List Teaching of King Ammenemes I to His Son Sesostris, The Teaching for Merikare, The Victorious King (Tuthmosis III), The Victory Stele of Merneptah Wenamen's Journey Non-Egyptian Text Archaic Herododus: An Account of Egypt: Being the Second Book of His Histories Called Euterpe Manetho on the Hyksos Modern A Thousand Miles Up the Nile by Amelia B. Edwards The Burden of Isis by James Teackle Dennis Discovery of the Source of the Nile, The by John Hanning Speke Egypt Magic by Wallis Budge Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life by Wallis Budge Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity by Samuel Sharpe The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh by W. M. Flinders Petrie Analysis and Information Amarna Letters, The Amduat, The Book of Caverns Book of the Celestial Cow, The Book of the Dead, The Book of the Earth Book of Gates, The Books of the Sky (Heavens) Coffin Text, The The Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld Litany of Re, The Literature in Ancient Egypt: A Prominent Component of Civilization Major Egyptian Books of the Underworld Offering Formula and Ritual Pyramid Text, The Wisdom Literature Islamic Related The Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, 1187 Christian Related History of the Egyptian Monks (Historia Monachorum in Aegypto) Lausiac History (Historia Lausiaca) Sayings of the Egyptian Fathers Quasi-Christian Manichaean Psalm-Book, Part IIThe Ancient Egypt Site
Explore more than 3.000 years of Ancient Egyptian history, from the end of prehistory at around 3.000 BC to the closing of the last Egyptian temple in 535/537 AD A timeline helps you navigate through history and discover the formidable Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.Annual Egyptological Bibliography
The AEB is published by the International Association of Egyptologists in cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for the Near East. Since 1 november 2007 access to this website is only possible through subscription.Anthropomorphic representation of the Apis Bull
The anthropomorphic representation of the Apis Bull encapsulates the fascinating blend of symbolism and mythology in ancient Egyptian culture. This unique depiction portrays the revered Apis Bull—a sacred animal embodying divine qualities—with anthropomorphic features, blurring the line between the animal and human realms.
In this representation, the Apis Bull is depicted with a human body, symbolizing the bull's connection to deities and its role as an intermediary between humans and the gods. The fusion of human and animal characteristics signifies the bull's divine nature, often associated with fertility, regeneration, and kingship.
This anthropomorphic portrayal of the Apis Bull showcases the intricate ways in which ancient Egyptians intertwined their beliefs and reverence for animals with their spiritual practices. It offers a captivating insight into the cultural complexities and spiritual significance that shaped their artistic expressions and religious rituals, reminding us of the profound connections between the human and divine in the ancient world.
Apis (deity)
Apis, a revered deity in ancient Egyptian religion, personified the sacred and regenerative qualities of the bull. Often depicted with distinct markings, Apis was considered the embodiment of divine power and fertility, representing the life force of both the animal kingdom and the human world.
As the intermediary between humans and the gods, Apis held a significant place in Egyptian culture. Temples dedicated to Apis were centers of worship and pilgrimage, where people sought blessings and divine favor. The bull's appearance, marked by specific patterns and features, was believed to hold prophetic significance, and its death was regarded as a pivotal event often associated with political and spiritual shifts.
Apis' association with the god Ptah, creator of the universe, connected the deity to notions of creation and regeneration. This symbolic connection made Apis an integral part of religious ceremonies and rituals, affirming its role in the cycle of life and death.
The veneration of Apis underscores the intricate blend of nature and spirituality in ancient Egyptian beliefs. It highlights the profound connections between the animal world, human existence, and the divine realm, offering a glimpse into the cultural complexities and spiritual significance that defined ancient Egyptian worship.
The Bir Umm Fawakhir Project
"The Bir Umm Fawakhir Project" offers a remarkable journey into the heart of ancient mining and settlement in the deserts of Egypt. This collaborative archaeological initiative brings together researchers, historians, and experts to uncover the mysteries of the Byzantine and Roman periods, shedding light on the lives of those who once inhabited this remote region.
Through meticulous excavation and analysis, the project explores the complex relationship between humans, landscape, and resources in the ancient world. The mining activities at Bir Umm Fawakhir provide insights into the economic dynamics, labor practices, and technological innovations of the time, while the remains of settlements offer glimpses into daily life and societal structures.
"The Bir Umm Fawakhir Project" is a testament to the power of interdisciplinary research in unraveling the layers of history. It illuminates the stories of miners, traders, and families who left their imprint on this arid landscape and contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate web of human interactions and survival strategies that characterized ancient desert communities.
Babylonian Mathematics
Babylonian mathematics stands as a remarkable testament to the intellectual achievements of ancient Mesopotamia. Rooted in the mathematical practices of the Babylonian civilization, this ancient mathematical system showcases their advanced understanding of numbers, calculations, and practical applications.
Through cuneiform inscriptions on clay tablets, Babylonian mathematics provides insights into their numerical notation, algebraic methods, and geometric knowledge. Their base-60 numerical system laid the foundation for modern time measurement and degree measurements in circles. The collection of mathematical tablets also reveals their mastery of complex calculations, including multiplication, division, and quadratic equations.
Babylonian mathematics wasn't just a theoretical pursuit; it had profound practical applications in areas like astronomy, trade, and architecture. By studying the movements of celestial bodies and predicting astronomical events, Babylonian astronomers demonstrated a sophisticated grasp of mathematical concepts.
The study of Babylonian mathematics offers a fascinating glimpse into the ancient world's intellectual accomplishments. It showcases the enduring legacy of numerical systems and mathematical reasoning that continue to influence modern mathematics and serves as a testament to the human quest for knowledge and understanding.
Ancient Egyptian to English wordlist
(ASCII text file, 726 Kb in German and 1.1 Mb in English) This is the Beinlich Egyptian wordlist. The handlist of Ancient Egyptian words known to Egyptologists as the "Beinlich Wordlist" was announced by Horst Beinlich and Friedhelm HoffmannMath of Egypt
"Math of Egypt" offers a fascinating exploration into the mathematical achievements of ancient Egypt, a civilization renowned for its remarkable contributions to various fields. Delving into the realm of numbers, geometry, and practical applications, this study reveals how mathematics was an integral part of daily life and monumental constructions along the Nile.
From the precise measurements of pyramids to the intricate calculations used in astronomy and surveying, "Math of Egypt" showcases the advanced mathematical knowledge that ancient Egyptians possessed. Hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyri unveil their numerical systems, problem-solving techniques, and innovative solutions that shaped their culture and society.
By examining their mathematical achievements, this study offers a deeper understanding of how ancient Egyptians navigated the complexities of architecture, trade, and governance. "Math of Egypt" sheds light on the intellectual prowess that underpinned their achievements and highlights the enduring legacy of their mathematical innovations that continue to influence modern thinking.
3D models of Ancient World
Step into the past like never before with immersive 3D models of the ancient world. This captivating digital journey transports you to the grandeur of ancient civilizations, from the towering pyramids of Egypt to the majestic temples of Greece and the intricate cities of the Roman Empire.
Explore meticulously recreated artifacts, structures, and landscapes, all in astonishing detail. With interactive 3D models, you can virtually walk through historical sites, examine intricate sculptures, and even manipulate ancient objects. This technology offers a unique opportunity to engage with history, architecture, and culture in ways that textbooks and images alone cannot capture.
Whether you're an enthusiast of archaeology, a history buff, or simply curious about the wonders of the past, these 3D models provide an engaging and educational experience that bridges the gap between ancient civilizations and modern technology. It's a journey through time that invites you to uncover the secrets and stories of the ancient world from a whole new perspective.
Color Tour of Egypt
Abu Simbel Abydos Aswan Cairo Dendera Edfu Giza Kom Ombo Luxor Saqqara The West Bank/LuxorDigital Mummies: Ancient Pharaohs
"Digital Mummies: Ancient Pharaohs" presents an innovative and immersive exploration into the lives of Egypt's legendary rulers through cutting-edge technology. This captivating digital platform offers a virtual journey that delves deep into the world of ancient pharaohs, allowing users to interact with detailed 3D models, scans, and reconstructions of mummies and artifacts.
By leveraging advanced digital techniques, "Digital Mummies: Ancient Pharaohs" unveils the mysteries of royal tombs and mummification practices. Users can virtually unwrap mummies, examine intricate jewelry, and even explore the interiors of elaborately designed sarcophagi. This interactive experience offers a unique perspective on the individuals who once ruled Egypt with splendor and authority.
From Tutankhamun to Ramses II, this platform invites history enthusiasts, students, and curious minds to engage with the past like never before. "Digital Mummies: Ancient Pharaohs" brings the stories of these enigmatic figures to life, revealing the cultural and technological prowess of ancient Egypt while showcasing the power of modern digital tools in preserving and sharing our global heritage.
Diotima: Women & Gender in the Ancient World
Diotima: Women & Gender in the Ancient World is a digital portal that illuminates the often-overlooked stories and perspectives of women and gender in the cultures of antiquity. Named after the wise priestess Diotima from Plato's Symposium, this platform offers a wealth of resources, articles, and scholarly insights that shed light on the roles, contributions, and experiences of women in ancient societies.
Through meticulous research and interdisciplinary exploration, Diotima highlights the narratives of women in fields ranging from literature and art to philosophy and politics. The portal fosters a deeper understanding of the complexities of gender dynamics, showcasing the agency, challenges, and achievements of women across different ancient civilizations.
Diotima serves as a bridge between contemporary scholarship and the past, offering a diverse range of perspectives that enrich our understanding of history. Whether you're a student, a researcher, or simply curious about the untold stories of the past, this platform provides a captivating journey into the lives of women who left their mark on the ancient world.
Directory of North American Egyptologists
The Directory of North American Egyptologists serves as a valuable resource that connects enthusiasts, scholars, and researchers with experts dedicated to the study of ancient Egypt. This comprehensive directory showcases the diverse community of Egyptologists across North America who are passionately engaged in unraveling the mysteries of this captivating civilization.
From professors and researchers to museum curators and independent scholars, the directory provides insights into the individuals who contribute to the field's vibrant landscape. It offers a platform to explore their areas of expertise, research interests, and academic affiliations, fostering connections and collaboration within the community.
For those seeking guidance, knowledge, or even mentorship in the realm of Egyptology, the directory serves as a roadmap to the experts shaping the discipline. It exemplifies the dedication to scholarly pursuits and the shared enthusiasm for unlocking the secrets of ancient Egypt that unite Egyptologists across North America.
Whether you're a student delving into the world of Egyptology or an enthusiast eager to learn from experts, the Directory of North American Egyptologists is a valuable gateway to the minds shaping our understanding of a civilization that has captivated humanity for millennia.
Duke Papyrus Archive
The Duke Papyrus Archive is a scholarly treasure trove that opens a window into the written world of ancient Egypt. Housed within Duke University, this comprehensive collection of papyri offers an invaluable glimpse into the language, culture, and everyday life of a civilization that flourished along the Nile thousands of years ago.
Spanning a diverse range of topics, the Duke Papyrus Archive encompasses legal documents, literary works, letters, administrative records, and more. These fragile papyrus fragments, meticulously preserved and curated, bear witness to the intellectual, social, and economic facets of ancient Egyptian society.
Scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts alike delve into the Duke Papyrus Archive to decipher the cursive hieratic script and hieroglyphs, unraveling stories of individuals, transactions, and monumental events. This collection not only sheds light on the past but also fosters a deeper understanding of the cultural legacy that continues to resonate today.
The Duke Papyrus Archive stands as a testament to the power of preserved manuscripts to bridge the gap between centuries, fostering connections between modern minds and the minds of those who lived along the Nile thousands of years ago. It's an intellectual journey that uncovers the vibrancy of a civilization through the fragments of its written history.
Egypt, the Land of Civilization
Egypt, often referred to as the "Land of Civilization," stands as a timeless testament to human achievement, innovation, and cultural legacy. Nestled along the banks of the majestic Nile River, this ancient land has captivated the world for millennia with its awe-inspiring pyramids, magnificent temples, and rich tapestry of history.
From the monumental wonders of Giza's pyramids to the intricate hieroglyphs adorning temples, Egypt offers a journey through time, inviting visitors to explore the complexities of its past. With a history spanning thousands of years, Egypt has been home to pharaohs, queens, scholars, and artisans who contributed to a legacy of art, architecture, and intellectual pursuit.
The allure of Egypt's civilization is woven into the fabric of everyday life, as well as the realm of mythology and religion. The Nile River, a life-giving artery, nurtured fertile lands and enabled the rise of a sophisticated agricultural society. The stories of gods and goddesses, the rites of mummification, and the belief in the afterlife offer insights into the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of this ancient culture.
As you navigate Egypt's historical treasures, you'll encounter the legacy of rulers like Tutankhamun and Ramses II, the mysteries of the Sphinx, and the grandeur of Luxor's temples. With each step, you'll be immersed in the remnants of an advanced civilization that has shaped our understanding of architecture, governance, art, and human ingenuity.
Egypt, the Land of Civilization, continues to inspire wonder and curiosity, beckoning travelers and enthusiasts to explore its archaeological marvels, decode its hieroglyphs, and delve into the stories of a people who left an indelible mark on the pages of human history.
The Egyptian Galleries
The Egyptian Galleries stand as a captivating journey into the heart of ancient Egypt's enigmatic world. Housed within renowned museums, these galleries showcase a curated collection of artifacts, sculptures, and relics that offer an immersive glimpse into the civilization that thrived along the banks of the Nile.
Step into a realm of pharaohs, gods, and everyday life as you wander through the Egyptian Galleries. Marvel at intricately carved statues, meticulously preserved mummies, and ornate jewelry that reflect the craftsmanship and spirituality of this ancient culture. Hieroglyph-covered walls tell stories of grand dynasties, while reconstructed tombs provide insights into burial practices and rituals.
The Egyptian Galleries encapsulate the artistry, innovation, and profound beliefs that characterized ancient Egypt. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an art lover, or simply drawn to the mystique of the past, these galleries offer a multi-sensory experience that bridges the gap between centuries and invites you to explore the captivating world of the pharaohs and their subjects.
Best Egyptian Museums Outside of Egypt
Egypt has long been a mysterious and inviting land, enticing everyone from Napoleon to modern travelers. The country bursts with history, culture and legend. Yet a trip to the Nile Valley is often too expensive or too much of a hassle for many of those who dream of mummies and pyramids. Fortunately, there are many places outside of Cairo that allow people to experience the grandeur of Egypt without making the long trek to the desert. Here are our picks of the best.
- Museo Egizio
- Metropolitan Museum of Art
- The Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum
- The Louvre
- Allard Pierson Museum
- The Oriental Museum
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Travel Channel
Egyptian Unit Fractions
Nowadays, we usually write non-integer numbers either as fractions (2/7) or decimals (0.285714). The floating point representation used in computers is another representation very similar to decimals. But the ancient Egyptians (as far as we can tell from the documents now surviving) used a number system based on unit fractions: fractions with one in the numerator. This idea let them represent numbers like 1/7 easily enough; other numbers such as 2/7 were represented as sums of unit fractions (e.g. 2/7 = 1/4 +1/28). Further, the same fraction could not be used twice (so 2/7 = 1/7 + 1/7 is not allowed). We call a formula representing a sum of distinct unit fractions an Egyptian fraction.Egyptological Fieldwork Directory
The Egyptological Fieldwork Directory serves as an invaluable resource for those seeking to explore the dynamic world of Egyptology and archaeological fieldwork. This comprehensive directory compiles information on ongoing excavations, research projects, and scholarly initiatives taking place in Egypt and beyond.
With entries spanning various time periods, regions, and research focuses, the directory offers a glimpse into the breadth and diversity of Egyptological endeavors. From ancient tombs and temples to urban settlements and cultural heritage preservation, this platform provides a window into the collaborative efforts of archaeologists, historians, and experts dedicated to unraveling the mysteries of ancient Egypt.
The Egyptological Fieldwork Directory is a gateway to discovering the latest advancements, discoveries, and contributions in the field of Egyptology. Whether you're an aspiring scholar, a history enthusiast, or a curious traveler, this resource invites you to explore the ongoing efforts that continue to enrich our understanding of the ancient past.
The Weights and Measures of Ancient Egypt
An examination of the Great Pyramids of Egypt and other buildings makes it clear that the Egyptians at a very early stage incorporated a measurement system, though really their system of weights and measures was fundamental to all sorts of functions and essential for the smooth running of their bureaucracy.Giza Plateau Mapping Project
The Giza Plateau Mapping Project stands as a groundbreaking endeavor that illuminates the mysteries of one of the most iconic archaeological sites in the world. Spearheaded by dedicated researchers and experts, this project utilizes modern technology to meticulously document and analyze the Giza Plateau's architectural wonders.
Through detailed mapping, laser scanning, and 3D modeling, the project unveils the intricate layouts of the pyramids, temples, tombs, and other structures that define this ancient complex. The meticulous documentation offers insights into the engineering prowess and cultural significance of the Giza plateau, shedding light on how these monumental structures were planned, built, and used.
The Giza Plateau Mapping Project bridges the gap between ancient history and modern scholarship, revealing new perspectives on the lives of those who built and inhabited this awe-inspiring site. By utilizing cutting-edge techniques, the project offers a deeper understanding of the complexities that have captivated humanity for centuries, allowing us to explore the architectural marvels of Giza in unprecedented detail.
Giza, Egypt Radar Image from NASA
The Giza Radar Image from NASA presents a captivating and unique perspective of one of the world's most iconic archaeological sites. Captured by advanced radar technology, this image unveils the intricate details hidden beneath the sand and structures of Giza, Egypt.
Revealing the contours of the ancient pyramids and the Sphinx with remarkable precision, the radar image offers insights into the architectural marvels that have stood for millennia. This cutting-edge technology penetrates the surface to uncover hidden chambers, passageways, and features that have long captured the imagination of historians and enthusiasts.
The Giza Radar Image from NASA is a testament to the power of scientific exploration in unlocking the mysteries of the past. It allows us to appreciate the awe-inspiring beauty and complexity of the Giza plateau while offering a glimpse into the ongoing efforts to uncover the secrets that lie beneath the surface of this timeless wonder.
Gold Hawk
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From flowing silk dresses and intricate lace pieces to effortlessly chic tops and outerwear, Gold Hawk's creations capture the essence of understated luxury. Each garment is meticulously crafted to reflect a harmonious balance between comfort and refined aesthetics, making them ideal choices for both casual and formal occasions.
With an unwavering dedication to craftsmanship, Gold Hawk offers a collection that transcends trends and speaks to those who appreciate enduring beauty and individual expression. Whether you're seeking a statement piece or a wardrobe staple, Gold Hawk invites you to explore a world of effortlessly elegant fashion that is both contemporary and timeless.
The Great Temple of Abu Simbel
The Great Temple of Abu Simbel stands as a monumental testament to the grandeur and engineering prowess of ancient Egypt. Carved into the rock face along the banks of the Nile, this awe-inspiring temple complex was built during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses II in the 13th century BCE.
Featuring colossal statues of Ramses II seated on thrones, flanked by smaller figures of his family, the temple exudes an aura of power and divine authority. Its construction was strategically aligned so that twice a year, on February 22 and October 22, the sun's rays illuminate the inner sanctum, illuminating the statues of Ramses and the gods within.
The Great Temple of Abu Simbel pays homage to Ramses II's military victories and his devotion to the gods Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah. It also honors his beloved queen, Nefertari, with a smaller but equally exquisite temple nearby.
Today, this UNESCO World Heritage site continues to mesmerize visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the artistic prowess, architectural ingenuity, and spiritual significance that characterized ancient Egyptian civilization.
The Griffith Institute (Oxford)
Includes Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an ExcavationHistory of Ancient Egypt
The history of ancient Egypt is a captivating journey through millennia of human civilization along the banks of the Nile River. Spanning from the predynastic period to the conquest of Alexander the Great, ancient Egypt boasts a legacy rich with cultural achievements, monumental architecture, and intricate belief systems.
Witness the rise of powerful dynasties, the construction of awe-inspiring pyramids, and the development of complex hieroglyphic writing. Explore the artistry that adorned tombs, temples, and everyday life, reflecting the deep spiritual and cultural values of the Egyptians.
From the awe-inspiring reign of pharaohs to the fascinating rituals surrounding life and death, the history of ancient Egypt offers an unparalleled window into the dynamics of society, religion, and innovation of an enigmatic civilization. Immerse yourself in the stories of the Nile's banks and the legacy of a civilization that continues to intrigue and inspire to this day.
The Egyptian Collection
MUSEO CIVICO ARCHEOLOGICO DI BOLOGNAAI Ancient Images
"AI Ancient Images" introduces an innovative fusion of artificial intelligence and history, offering a captivating journey through time. This unique collection employs advanced AI technologies to restore, enhance, and colorize ancient images, bringing historical figures, landscapes, and artifacts to life with astonishing detail.
Explore the past in a whole new light as AI algorithms breathe vitality into faded photographs, paintings, and sculptures. Witness iconic moments and forgotten faces with remarkable clarity, as AI-driven enhancements unveil the nuances of ancient artistry and visual narratives.
"AI Ancient Images" is a testament to the synergy between technology and history, allowing you to engage with the past like never before. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an educator, or simply curious about the visual heritage of humanity, this collection invites you to reimagine history through the lens of cutting-edge AI technology.
The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America
"The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America" stands as a prestigious publication at the forefront of archaeological research and scholarship. This esteemed journal offers a platform for scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts to delve into the latest discoveries, theories, and insights within the field of archaeology.
Covering a diverse range of topics and regions, the journal presents in-depth articles, reviews, and analyses that span the breadth of human history and cultural heritage. From ancient civilizations to contemporary archaeological methodologies, the journal fosters an interdisciplinary approach that brings together archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, and more.
With a commitment to rigor, authenticity, and scholarly excellence, "The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America" serves as a vital resource for staying informed about the dynamic world of archaeology. It offers readers an opportunity to engage with the latest research and developments, contributing to a deeper understanding of the past and its impact on our present and future.
The Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology
(University of Memphis)Ancient Egypt Art & Images
"Ancient Egypt Art & Images" is a mesmerizing journey into the artistic legacy of one of history's most captivating civilizations. This collection offers a visual feast of hieroglyphs, sculptures, paintings, and artifacts that span the millennia of ancient Egyptian history.
Explore the intricate symbolism and craftsmanship that adorned the tombs of pharaohs and the homes of commoners alike. From the grandeur of colossal statues to the delicate details of jewelry and pottery, these images provide insights into the daily life, spiritual beliefs, and cultural expressions of ancient Egyptians.
Whether you're an art enthusiast, a history buff, or simply curious about the mysteries of the Nile, "Ancient Egypt Art & Images" offers a portal to a world of creativity, symbolism, and aesthetics that continue to captivate and inspire across the ages. It's a visual journey that allows you to immerse yourself in the artistic tapestry that defined the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Ancient Egypt at the British Museum
Ancient Life, Geography, Gods and Goddesses, Mummifications, Pharaoh, Pyramids, Temples, Times, Trades, WritingMask of a Mummy
The Mask of a Mummy is a captivating artifact that offers a glimpse into the ancient practice of mummification and its deep-rooted significance in Egyptian culture. Typically crafted from materials like gold, linen, or painted plaster, these masks were placed over the faces of deceased individuals as part of their burial rituals.
These exquisitely crafted masks served both practical and spiritual purposes. They preserved the facial features of the deceased and provided protection for the journey to the afterlife. At the same time, these masks were adorned with intricate designs, symbols, and colors that held religious significance, reflecting the individual's connections to gods, mythology, and the path to the afterlife.
The Mask of a Mummy serves as a testament to the ancient Egyptians' beliefs in the continuity of life beyond death and their reverence for rituals that honored the deceased. These masks offer a tangible connection to a civilization that held death as an integral part of life and celebrated the transition to the realm of eternity. As artifacts of artistic and cultural significance, these masks continue to inspire awe and curiosity, inviting us to explore the spiritual and artistic depths of ancient Egypt.
Ancient Egypt Art & Images for Biblical Studies
Ancient Egypt Art & Images for Biblical Studies offers a captivating visual portal into the world of ancient Egypt, providing a contextual backdrop for understanding the historical and cultural dynamics that interacted with biblical narratives. This curated collection showcases a diverse array of artworks and images, ranging from hieroglyphics and sculptures to intricate artifacts and temple reliefs. By immersing viewers in the artistic and architectural legacy of ancient Egypt, this collection illuminates the shared cultural milieu that often intersected with the stories of the Bible. Exploring the artistry of the pharaohs, gods, and daily life in this ancient civilization enhances the understanding of the biblical world and its broader historical context. This resource invites scholars, historians, and biblical enthusiasts to uncover the visual treasures of Ancient Egypt that offer valuable insights into the interconnected tapestry of cultures and histories, enriching the study of biblical texts with a deeper appreciation for the ancient world that surrounded them.
Ancient Egypt History
Ancient Egypt History unfolds as a captivating tale of one of the world's most iconic and enduring civilizations. Situated along the fertile banks of the Nile River, Ancient Egypt emerged as a complex society around 3100 BCE and thrived for thousands of years, leaving an indelible mark on human history.
Spanning from the Early Dynastic Period to the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, Ancient Egypt's history is characterized by remarkable achievements in various fields. The civilization's mastery of architecture is evident in the construction of awe-inspiring structures like the pyramids of Giza, monumental temples, and grandiose tombs. The written language, hieroglyphics, carved onto temple walls and papyrus scrolls, preserves records of historical events, religious rituals, and daily life.
Religion played a central role in Ancient Egypt, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses shaping beliefs, rituals, and governance. Pharaohs, considered living deities, ruled as both political leaders and religious figures, overseeing monumental building projects and maintaining cosmic order through their rule.
The Nile River's annual flooding provided fertile soil, allowing for abundant agricultural production and sustenance for the population. Ancient Egyptians developed sophisticated irrigation systems and agricultural techniques to harness the river's life-giving properties.
Trade and diplomacy with neighboring cultures, such as Nubia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia, enriched Ancient Egypt's cultural diversity and economic prosperity. Notable trading partners included the exchange of luxury goods along trade routes that spanned across continents.
Mummification, a practice to preserve the body for the afterlife, illustrates the significance of the belief in an eternal journey after death. Elaborate tombs, adorned with intricate artwork and valuable possessions, provide insights into ancient Egyptian views on the afterlife and the importance of a person's journey to eternity.
Ancient Egypt's legacy endures through its art, literature, monumental structures, and contributions to various fields, such as medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. Its profound influence continues to captivate modern imagination, revealing a civilization that celebrated life, revered the divine, and left an indelible imprint on the course of human history.
