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Ancient Rome

Ides of March

In 44 BC, at the celebration of the Lupercalia, Julius Caesar, seated in a gilded chair at the front of the Rostra, publicly refused the diadem of kingship presented to him by Antony. He already exercised the power of dictator, and many regarded the gesture as nothing more than pretense. Indeed, for Appian, "the difference it made was only of a wor...

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Josephus' References to Crucifixion

Crucifixion in Antiquity - The Jewish Roman World of Jesus by Joe Zias. "Undoubtedly, one of the cruelest and most humiliating forms of punishment in the ancient world was, according to ancient sources, crucifixion. The Jewish historian Josephus best described it following the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD 66-70 as "the most wretched of de...

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Mausoleum of Augustus and the Res Gestae

The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Res Gestae Courtesy of Professor John Paul Adams, Department of Modern and Classical Languages & Literatures at the California State University at Northridge. [Rome] [Political Resources]...

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The American Society of Greek and Latin Epigraphy

"This is the home page of the American Society of Greek and Latin Epigraphy." [Rome] [Literary Resources]...

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Index of Images from Vergil

MSS VAT. lat. 3225 and 3867. [Rome] [Literary Resources]...

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Imperial Battle Map Index by Hugh Elton,

Cartography by Christos Nüssli Courtesy of the De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors . [Rome] [Military History]...

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Agis

This work is provided bythe Internet Classics Archive [Rome] [Literary Resources] [Plutarch]...

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Artaxerxes

Artaxerxes is a name that belongs to several Persian kings who ruled the Achaemenid Empire in ancient Persia. The most notable of these kings were Artaxerxes I, Artaxerxes II, and Artaxerxes III, who played significant roles in Persian history and were known for their reigns during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Here's a brief description of the Ac...

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Camillus

Camillus, whose full name was Marcus Furius Camillus, was a prominent and celebrated figure in ancient Rome during the 5th century BCE. He is primarily known for his military leadership and statesmanship, and his contributions played a significant role in the early history of the Roman Republic. Here's a short description of Camillus: Military Lead...

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Cleomenes

Cleomenes I (reigned c. 520–490 BC) was the son of Anaxandridas II and a powerful and ambitious ruler of Sparta. He was known for his military prowess, his political acumen, and his ruthless pragmatism. Cleomenes I played a key role in the Spartan victory in the Second Messenian War (c. 600–560 BC). He also led a successful expedition against Athen...

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