The Role of Braga and Other Major Cities in Ancient Portugal

Ancient Portugal, known for its rich cultural heritage and strategic location on the Iberian Peninsula, developed several key urban centers that served as political, economic, and spiritual hubs. Among these, Braga holds a significant place due to its historical importance and connections to other prominent civilizations, particularly the Romans. Alongside Braga, other ancient cities such as Lisbon (Olisipo), Conímbriga, and Mértola played influential roles, contributing to the growth of Portuguese culture and society through trade, military activity, and cultural exchange. This post will explore the distinct roles of Braga and other major ancient cities, examining their unique contributions to Portugal’s historical evolution.

I. Braga: The Cultural and Religious Epicenter

A. Early Beginnings and Celtic Influence

Braga, located in the northwest of modern Portugal, is one of the oldest cities in the country, with its origins tracing back to the Celtic tribes known as the Bracari. Initially established as a settlement, Braga became an important hub due to its geographical location on fertile land, accessible by rivers, which fostered agriculture and local trade.

Celtic Influence: Before Roman conquest, Braga was significantly influenced by Celtic spirituality, which was deeply rooted in nature worship. Ancient rituals and ceremonies were held in sacred groves and rivers, creating a spiritual foundation that would later merge with Roman religious practices.
Strategic Position: Braga’s position made it a gathering place for neighboring tribes, not only for trade but also for defense against invaders. Its residents developed a defensive network of hilltop forts, or castros, which were common among Celtic communities.

B. Roman Integration and Transformation into Bracara Augusta

Braga transformed under Roman rule when it was officially established as Bracara Augusta in the 1st century BCE. Named in honor of Emperor Augustus, Braga quickly grew to be one of the most significant cities in the region of Gallaecia.

Administrative Center: As Bracara Augusta, Braga became the administrative capital of Gallaecia, serving as a focal point for Roman governance, law, and trade. The city housed local government buildings, including the forum, where political matters and public gatherings were held.
Religious Significance: Braga became a prominent religious center for the Roman Empire in Iberia, with temples dedicated to various Roman deities, such as Jupiter, Diana, and Mars. This spiritual role later transitioned into an important Christian center, particularly after the 4th century CE.
Roman Infrastructure: Roman engineers constructed roads, aqueducts, and public baths in Braga, establishing it as a model of Roman urban planning. The Via XIX, part of the Roman road network, connected Braga to other major cities across Iberia, further enhancing its role in trade and communication.

C. Christianization and Braga’s Lasting Legacy

Following the Roman Empire’s conversion to Christianity, Braga became a stronghold for early Christian worship in the 3rd and 4th centuries CE. The establishment of dioceses and the construction of some of the earliest churches solidified Braga’s status as a Christian center.

Early Christian Community: Braga’s conversion to Christianity allowed it to become a prominent bishopric, influencing the religious landscape of northern Portugal and Galicia. Bishops from Braga participated in early councils, such as the Council of Braga, to shape religious doctrine in the region.
Legacy in Portuguese Culture: Braga’s evolution from a Celtic settlement to a Roman and Christian city embodies the cultural and spiritual layers that shaped ancient Portugal. Today, Braga remains a central figure in Portugal’s religious identity, earning it the nickname “Portuguese Rome.”

II. Lisbon (Olisipo): A Thriving Port City

A. Origins and Strategic Importance

Lisbon, known as Olisipo in antiquity, has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Due to its location along the Tagus River, Olisipo became a central hub for trade, serving as a connection between the Mediterranean and Atlantic.

Phoenician and Greek Influence: Before the arrival of the Romans, Lisbon attracted Phoenician and Greek merchants who established trading posts along the Tagus. They introduced new cultural practices and trade goods, setting the foundation for Olisipo’s cosmopolitan character.
Integration with Rome: Olisipo was incorporated into the Roman Empire around the 1st century BCE and given the status of a municipium, which granted its residents limited Roman citizenship. This integration facilitated trade and political stability, encouraging growth in population and wealth.

B. Economic and Maritime Hub

As part of the Roman Empire, Olisipo became a bustling port city, exporting fish, salt, olive oil, and wine to other regions of the empire. The wealth generated from trade contributed to its development.

Maritime Trade Networks: Olisipo’s position on the Tagus River made it an ideal port for Mediterranean trade routes. The city was known for producing garum, a fermented fish sauce highly valued across the Roman world.
Infrastructure and Public Life: Olisipo boasted Roman-style infrastructure, including public baths, forums, temples, and an amphitheater. These amenities improved the quality of life for its inhabitants and attracted visitors and merchants from across the empire.

C. Olisipo’s Multicultural Influence

Olisipo’s long-standing trade relationships created a unique cultural blend in the city, making it one of the most diverse urban centers in ancient Portugal. This multiculturalism would continue to influence Lisbon’s identity in centuries to come.

III. Conímbriga: An Archaeological Treasure

A. A Center for Roman Life in Portugal

Located near modern Coimbra, Conímbriga is one of the best-preserved Roman archaeological sites in Portugal. Originally a settlement for the indigenous Lusitanians, Conímbriga was transformed under Roman occupation into a well-structured city with urban amenities.

Urban Design and Public Amenities: Conímbriga’s layout reflects the Roman emphasis on public spaces and city planning. It featured paved streets, an aqueduct, baths, and a forum, making it a model of Roman engineering.
Mosaics and Decorative Art: The houses and public buildings of Conímbriga are adorned with intricate mosaics depicting mythological scenes, symbols of wealth, and the cosmopolitan influence in the region.

B. Decline and Historical Significance

Conímbriga was eventually abandoned during the decline of the Roman Empire due to barbarian invasions. However, its preservation provides insights into Roman daily life, urban planning, and art in ancient Portugal.

Archaeological Importance: Today, Conímbriga is an essential archaeological site, offering a glimpse into the sophistication of Roman life in ancient Portugal. The site is particularly valuable for studying domestic architecture and Roman art.
Tourism and Education: As one of Portugal’s most visited ancient sites, Conímbriga continues to educate the public on Roman influence in the region, connecting visitors to Portugal’s ancient past.

IV. Mértola: The Southern Crossroads

A. Iberian and Roman Origins

Mértola, situated in southern Portugal near the Guadiana River, was initially settled by Iberian tribes and later became a Roman colony. Its location made it a crossroads for trade between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

Roman and Moorish Influence: Mértola’s advantageous position brought Roman infrastructure, including roads and fortifications, which were later adapted by the Moors. This fusion of cultures is evident in Mértola’s architecture and urban layout.
Economic Role: Mértola’s river access enabled it to serve as a vital trading post for goods moving between inland Portugal and coastal cities. Key exports included agricultural products and minerals.

B. The Moorish Transformation

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Mértola came under Moorish control in the 8th century CE, which transformed it into a significant Islamic center.

Moorish Architecture and Culture: The Moors built mosques, fortifications, and markets in Mértola, creating a unique blend of Roman and Islamic styles. The adaptation of Roman structures to suit Islamic practices showcases the city’s cultural integration.
Legacy of Multiculturalism: Mértola’s Moorish period left a lasting legacy, with architectural and cultural elements that remain visible today. It serves as a symbol of Portugal’s layered cultural history, shaped by successive waves of civilization.

V. The Legacy of Ancient Portuguese Cities

Braga, Lisbon, Conímbriga, and Mértola each played distinct roles in the formation of ancient Portuguese society. Together, these cities illustrate the diversity and complexity of Portugal’s cultural evolution, shaped by various indigenous and foreign influences.

Religious and Cultural Centers: Braga emerged as a center for spirituality, both in Celtic and Christian forms, while Lisbon and Conímbriga developed into sophisticated Roman cities with public amenities and civic infrastructure.
Economic Hubs: Olisipo and Mértola became essential trade centers, connecting Portugal to Mediterranean markets and fostering multicultural exchange.
Architectural and Archaeological Significance: The ruins of Conímbriga and the historical structures in Mértola preserve the architectural achievements of ancient Portugal, providing valuable insights for historians and archaeologists.

These cities collectively contributed to the rich historical fabric of ancient Portugal, establishing cultural, economic, and religious foundations that would resonate through Portuguese history for centuries.